8M1

• From where does heat transfer occur?

  Heat transfers from a warmer object to a cooler object.
• What is thermal energy?

  Thermal energy is the average kinetic energy present in a system.
• What is the definition of heat?


  Heat is energy transferred from one body to another as a result of a difference in temperature.
• How is temperature defined?


  Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness of an object.
• What is heat transfer?

  Heat transfer is a form of thermal energy due to temperature differences.
• What does thermal equilibrium mean?

  Thermal equilibrium occurs when objects have the same temperature, and heat transfer cannot happen.
• What are the methods of heat transfer?

  1. Conduction - Through a medium from one point to another (direct contact)
  2. Convection - Physical movement of fluid
  3. Radiation - Does not need direct contact; occurs in the form of electromagnetic waves
• What is conduction in heat transfer?

  Conduction is heat transfer through a medium from one point to another via direct contact.
• What is convection in heat transfer?

  Convection is the physical movement of fluid that transfers heat.
• What is radiation in heat transfer?

  Radiation is heat transfer that does not require direct contact and occurs in the form of electromagnetic waves.
• What is electric charge?


  Electric charge is carried by some elementary particles and governs how particles are affected by electric or magnetic fields.
• How is electric charge measured?

  Electric charge is measured in coulombs (C).
• What does the law of charges state?

  The law of charges states that like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract.
• What is the law of conservation of charge?

  The law of conservation of charge states that the total electric charge in an isolated system never changes.
• What are the methods of charging an object?

  1. Charging by Friction - Insulating materials rub against each other.
  2. Charging by Induction - Charges an object without touching it.
  3. Charging by Conduction - Involves touching a charged object to a neutral object.
• What is motion?


  Motion is the action of changing location or position.
• What are scalar and vector quantities?

  • Scalar Quantities: Magnitude only (Examples: Distance, Displacement)
  • Vector Quantities: Magnitude and direction (Examples: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration)
• What is a motion diagram?

  A motion diagram is a composite photo that shows the position of an object at several equally spaced time intervals.
• What is distance?


  Distance is how far two points are, the total length of the path traveled by a moving object regardless of direction.
• What is displacement?


  Displacement is an object's change in position to a particular direction and is a vector quantity.
• What is speed?


  Speed is the distance covered per time of travel.
• What is the formula for speed?


  Speed = Distance over Time, or $s =$$\frac{d}{t}$.
• What is velocity?


  Velocity is speed with direction.
• How are directions defined in motion?

  North (Up) and East (Right) are positive, while South (Down) and West (Left) are negative.
• What is the displacement if an object returns to the starting point?

  If an object returns to the starting point, the displacement is 0.
• What are examples of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms?

  • Eukaryotic Examples: animals, plants, fungi, and protozoans
  • Prokaryotic Examples: bacteria and archaea
• What are the similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  Similarities:

  • DNA
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes

  
  

  Differences:

  • DNA structure
  • Organelles
  • Reproduction
  • Average Size
• What are the main cell organelles and their functions?

  • Plasma/Cell Membrane: Porous and semipermeable membrane surrounding an animal cell.
• • Nucleus: Contains instructions for cell functions.
• • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Membranes found in almost all eukaryotic cells (Smooth and Rough ER).
• • Ribosomes: Involved in synthesizing proteins.
• • Mitochondrion: Releases energy from food breakdown.
• • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies proteins/lipids and transports substances out of the cell.
• • Lysosome: Waste disposal unit of the cell.
• • Vacuole: Stores nutrients like food and water.
• • Peroxisome: Digests compounds like fats, amino acids, and sugars.
• • Centrosomes: Involved in cell division and production of flagella and cilia.
• • Villi: Needle-like growths extending from the plasma membrane.
• • Flagellum: Long, thin extension of the plasma membrane driven by proteins.
• Cell Wall: Distinguishing feature of plant cells.