changes in state

• What are the three states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, and gas
• What determines the state of matter?

  Particle movement determines the state of matter.
• How are atoms arranged in a solid?

  Atoms are very close together and vibrate in place.
• What is the exception regarding the arrangement of atoms in ice compared to liquid water?

  Ice has more space between atoms than liquid water.
• What is the shape and volume of a liquid?

  Shape is not definite, but volume is definite.
• How do atoms behave in a liquid?

  Atoms are further apart and move with more kinetic energy.
• What is kinetic energy?

  Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
• What is the shape and volume of a gas?

  Both shape and volume are not definite.
• How do gas particles behave when heat is applied?

  Gas particles move faster when heat is applied.
• What happens to gas particles when heat is taken away?

  Gas particles move slower when heat is taken away.
• What is a change in state?

  A change in state is a change of a substance from one physical state to another.
• Give an example of a change in state.

  Water vapor to liquid water.
• What must happen to change the state of a substance?

  Energy must be added or removed.
• How does gaining or losing energy affect temperature?

  Gaining or losing energy changes the temperature of a substance.
• How do particles behave in solids?

  Particles vibrate in place and are close together.
• How do particles behave in liquids?

  Particles move around and are further apart.
• How do particles behave in gases?

  Particles move quickly and are very fast apart.
• What is melting?

  Melting is when a solid becomes a liquid and energy is added.
• What is the melting point?

  The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.
• What is vaporization?

  Vaporization is the process by which liquids or solids change to a gas.
• What is sublimation?

  Sublimation is the change in state from a solid directly into a gas, skipping the liquid phase.
• What happens to atoms during sublimation?

  Atoms gain energy and escape into the air as a gas.
• What is evaporation?

  Evaporation is when particles can escape from the surface of a liquid when enough heat is added.
• What is boiling?

  Boiling is a rapid change from a liquid to a gas (vapor).
• What is the boiling point of water?

  100 °C or 212 °F.
• What is condensation?

  Condensation is the change in state from a gas to a liquid when cooling occurs.
• What happens to particles during condensation?

  Particles lose energy and the velocity of water molecules is reduced.
• What is deposition?

  Deposition is the change in state from a gas directly to a solid without becoming a liquid.
• What happens during the deposition process?

  Atoms lose energy, and no liquid forms in the process.
• What is freezing?

  Freezing is when a liquid becomes a solid due to loss of energy.
• What is the freezing point of water?

  0 °C or 32 °F.
• What are the three phase changes that require energy?

  Melting, sublimation, and vaporization.
• What is the main factor that affects melting, vaporization, and sublimation?

  The main factor is temperature (energy).
• What happens to the kinetic energy of particles when temperature increases?

  The kinetic energy of the particles increases.
• What are the differences in phase changes?

  • Melting: Solid to liquid
  • Vaporization: Liquid to gas
  • Sublimation: Solid to gas
  • Melting and vaporization occur at specific temperatures (melting point and boiling point).
  • Sublimation can occur at various temperatures depending on pressure.
• What happens to particles when a solid is warmed?

  • Particles vibrate faster but stay locked in place.
  • With more heat, particles gain enough energy to partly break free, leading to melting.
• What happens to particles when a liquid is heated?

  • Particles move faster and more freely but stay close together.
  • With more heat, some particles gain enough energy to completely break away as a gas (evaporation).
• What is sublimation and when does it occur?

  • Sublimation is when a solid changes directly into a gas without becoming a liquid.
  • It occurs when temperature and pressure conditions prevent melting.
• What are the phase changes that release energy?

  • Condensation
  • Freezing
  • Deposition
  • The arrangement of particles differs due to varying levels of energy released.
• What occurs during condensation?

  • Water molecules lose energy, reducing their velocity.
  • Vapor molecules interact and form hydrogen bonds, transitioning from vapor to liquid.