Attitudes and stereotypes exam q's

• What are the two types of attitudes mentioned in the syllabus?

  Implicit and explicit
• What is the tripartite model of attitude structure?

  • Affective component: Emotional response
  • Behavioral component: Actions or intentions
  • Cognitive component: Beliefs and thoughts
• How do attitudes affect behavior?

  Attitudes can influence how individuals act in various situations
• Who proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance?

  Festinger
• What are the effects of cognitive dissonance on behavior?

  • Avoidance of the dissonant situation
  • Reduction of dissonance through changes
  • Rationalization of the behavior
• What factors affect cognitive dissonance?

  The magnitude of the dissonance is a key factor
• What are the responses to cognitive dissonance?

  • Change beliefs
  • Change behavior
  • Change perception of the action
• What study is associated with the cognitive consequences of forced compliance?

  Cognitive consequences of forced compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959)
• What does attribution theory explain?

  It explains behavior through situational and dispositional attributions
• What are the components of social identity theory according to Tajfel and Turner?

  • Social categorization
  • Social identification
  • Social comparison
• How are stereotypes related to social categorization?

  Stereotypes are a form of social categorization
• What is the function of stereotypes?

  Stereotypes help simplify social information
• What is the relationship between attitudes, prejudice, and discrimination?

  • Attitudes can lead to prejudice
  • Prejudice can result in discrimination
  • Discrimination is the behavioral manifestation of prejudice
• How do prejudice and discrimination differ?

  Prejudice is an attitude, while discrimination is a behavior
• What are the types of discrimination?

  • Direct discrimination
  • Indirect discrimination
• Can you give examples of prejudice and discrimination in society?

  Gender, race, ethnicity, age, disability, mental illness
• What are the causes of prejudice?

  • Social influence
  • Intergroup competition
  • Social categorization
  • Just world phenomenon
• How can prejudice be reduced?


  • Contact hypothesis
  • Intergroup contact
  • Superordinate goals
  • Mutual interdependence
  • Equal-status contact
• What study is associated with the reduction of prejudice?

  Robbers Cave experiment (Sherif et al., 1961)
• What is the difference between self-concept and social identity?

  Self-concept is personal perception, while social identity is group affiliation
• What are two benefits of social categorization?

  It simplifies social interactions and helps in identity formation
• How is the term attitude defined?

  An attitude is a psychological tendency expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor
• What is the tripartite model of attitude structure?

  It consists of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components
• What are the three components of the tripartite model of attitude structure?

  Affective, behavioral, cognitive
• What is the theorist associated with cognitive dissonance?

  Festinger
• What are the three effects of cognitive dissonance on behavior?

  Avoidance, reduction, rationalization
• How can cognitive dissonance be reduced?

  By changing beliefs, changing behavior, or changing perception of the action
• What is the definition of attribution?


  Attribution is the process of explaining the causes of behavior
• What are the two types of attributions?

  Situational and dispositional attributions
• What is social identity?

  Social identity is the part of an individual's self-concept derived from their membership in social groups
• What are the three cognitive stages in social identity theory?

  Social categorization, social identification, social comparison
• Why might an individual make unfavorable comments about an outgroup member?

  To enhance their own self-esteem or group identity
• What is one advantage of generating stereotypes?

  Stereotypes can help simplify social interactions
• How can negative stereotypes affect behavior towards others?

  They can lead to discrimination and biased treatment
• What is the definition of prejudice?

  Prejudice is a preconceived opinion or judgment about an individual or group
• Can you provide two examples of common prejudice in society?

  Gender and race
• How does the just world phenomenon lead to prejudice?

  It leads individuals to believe that people get what they deserve, fostering negative stereotypes
• How can intergroup contact reduce prejudice?

  By fostering understanding and cooperation between groups
• What is the type of prejudice occurring in the scenario with Mishka and Fred?

  Gender prejudice
• How do prejudice and discrimination compare?

  Prejudice is an attitude, while discrimination is an action