THE CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

• PARTS OF THE CELL

  Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
• parts of plasma membrane

  lipid bilayer, membrane proteins
• membrane protein

  integral proteins, periheral proteins
• What type of protein forms a pore for specific ions to flow through the membrane?

  Ion channel (integral)
• What is another name for carrier proteins?

  Transporters
• selective permeability


  permits some substances to pass more readily than others
• concentration gradient


  a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another
• electrical gradient


  a difference in electrical charges between two regions
• transport process across the plasma membrane

  passive transport

  active transport
• passive transport

  DIFFUSION

  OSMOSIS
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT


  PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT (NA-K Pump)

  SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

  VESICULAR
• PASSIVE PROCESS


  movement of substances down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached; does not require energy in the form of ATP
• diffusion


  movements of molecules or ions down a concentration gradient due to their kinetic energy until they reach equilibrium
• simple diffusion


  passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without the help of membrane transport proteins
• facilitated diffusion


  passive movement of a substance down to its concentration gradient through the lipid bilayer by transmembrane proteins that function as channels or carriers
• osmosis


  passive movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher to lower water concentration until equilibrium is reached
• ACTIVE PROCESS


  movement of substances against concentration gradient; requires cellular energy in the from of ATP
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT


  cell expands energy to move a substance across the membrane against concentration gradient by transmembrane proteins that function as carriers
• primary active transport


  substances moves across the membrane against its concentration gradient by pumps that use energy supplied by hydrolysis of ATP
• secondary active transport


  coupled active transport of two substance across the membrane using energy supplied by a Na+ and H+ concentration gradient maintained primary active transport pumps.

  antiporters have Na+ and another substance in opposite direction across the membrane; symporters move and another substance in the same direction across the membrane
• transport vesicles


  substance move into or out of cells in vesicles that bud from plasma membrane
• endocytosis


  movement of substances into cell vesicles
• receptor-mediated endocytosis


  ligand-receptor complexes trigger in folding of a clathrin coated pit that forms a vesicle containing ligands
• PARTS OF CYTOPLASM

  CYTOSOL

  CYTOSKELETON

  ORGANELLES
• CYTOSKELETON


  Microfilament, intermediate filament, microtubules
• ORGANELLES

  Centrosomes

  Cilia and Flagella

  Ribosomes

  Endoplasmic Reticulum

  Golgi Complex

  Lysosomes

  Peroxisomes

  Proteasomes

  Mitochondria
• centrosomes


  the pericentriolar material contain tubulins, which are used for growth of mitotic spindle and microtubule foundation
• cilia


  moves fluids over the cells surface
• flagella


  moves the whole cell
• rough er


  synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids tat are transferred to cellular organelle
• smooth er


  synthesizes fatty acids and steroids
• Golgi complex


  accepts proteins from rough er, modifies molecules further then sorts and packages them for transport to their materials
• lysosomes


  fuses with and digest content of endosomes, pinocytic vesicles, and phagosomes and transport final product of digestion into cytosol
• proteasomes

  degrades unneeded, damaged, of faulty proteins by cutting them into small pieces
• mitochondria


  site of aerobic cellular inspiration reactions that produces most of cells ATP. play important role in apoptosis
• ATP


  the energy currency of the cell
• CELL DIVISION

  mitosis

  meiosis
• mitosis

  all cells
• meiosis

  gametes cell
• stages of cell division

  interphase - mitotic phase - cytokinesis