T01- Intro to Hist

• What are some definitions of history?


  • Documented record of man and his society
  • Study of man and his achievements from written records to present
  • Study of beliefs, practices, and institutions of human beings
• What is the origin of the word 'history'?


  Derived from the Greek word ‘historia’ meaning inquiry, knowledge, narrative.
• According to Aristotle, how is history defined?


  As a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena, regardless of chronological ordering.
• How does Edward Carr define history?


  As a continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts, an unending dialogue between the present and the past.
• What is Keith Jenkins' perspective on history?


  He views history as an aesthetic literary genre, incapable of making claims about the truth.
• How does Louis Gottschalk define history?

  As a description and narration of past through critical inquiry for the whole truth.
• What is Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' definition of history?


  They define it by the society's mode of production, or how a particular society organizes itself economically.
• What does 'saysay' refer to in ancient times?


  It refers to stories deemed significant to the community.
• According to Teodoro Agoncillo, what is important in history?

  History deals with the past, not with the future. We use history to avoid the mistakes of the past, not to recreate the same events.
• What does Reynaldo Ileto emphasize about the purpose of history?

  It is not just about the perspectives of the “winners,” but also the common man or the “masses.”
• How is history defined according to Filipino historians?


  It consists of the people’s efforts to attain a better life; “people’s history.”
• What does Zeus Salazar advocate for in the writing of history?


  History should be written and taught in the language that is understood by everyone.
• What is 'pantayong pananaw' in the context of history?

  Bagong Kasaysayan - It is the scientific iteration of the kasaysayan of our ancient forebears, focusing on significance to the people.
• How is modern history defined?


  As the reconstruction of the past based on written records, oral history, cultural artifacts, and folk traditions.
• What does the imaginative reconstruction of history involve?


  It is the interpretative and imaginative study of surviving records of the past to determine the meaning and scope of human existence.
• What are the relevance and significance of history?


  • Projects the future
  • Bridges the past and the present
  • Provides context of things and events
  • Promotes nationalism and patriotism
  • Interprets conditions of a given time and space
• What is historical revisionism?


  Interpretation of a historical account or narrative based on facts and authenticated vidence
• What is historiography?


  It is the imaginative reconstruction of the past from data derived from historical methods.
• What is the process of historical analysis?


  1. Selection of subject for investigation
  2. Examination of the genuineness of the sources
  3. Extraction of credible sources
  4. Collection of sources
• What is objectivity in historical study?


  It is a view with the intention of acquiring detached and truthful knowledge independent of personal reactions.
• What is subjectivity in historical study?


  It argues that history is an interpretative process rather than exploring for an objective truth.
• What are primary sources?


  Sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied. Ex. Intimate Sources and Public Sources
• What are secondary sources?


  Sources produced by an author who used primary sources to create the material.
• What are examples of primary sources?


  • Intimate sources: unpublished documents, letters, diaries
  • Public sources: autobiographies, oral evidence, local history records, newspapers, paintings, photographs
• What are examples of secondary sources?


  • Books
  • Essays
  • Articles
  • Dissertations/Thesis
  • Manuscripts
  • Conference Papers
  • Journals
• What qualifies a document as 'original'?


  A document is original if it contains fresh ideas, is not translated, is in its earliest stage, has an approved text, or is the earliest available source.
• What is internal criticism in historical study?


  It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstances of its production.
• What is external criticism in historical study?


  It is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics.
• Why is it said that history would not repeat itself?


  Because humans have a unique and unpredictable nature.
• What does it mean that all written history involves interpretation?


  It means that history is shaped by the perspectives and biases of those who write it.
• What is history according to Renato Constantino?


  History is not merely a chronological series of events nor the story of heroes and great men but it consists of the people's efforts to attain a better life, "people's history"
• What does Positivist mean in the major school of thoughts of history?


  "no document, no history"
• What does Cyclical View mean in the major school of thoughts of history?


  birth -> maturity -> death and start over again
• What does Providential mean in the major school of thoughts of history?


  God is in control of history and provides guidance
• What does Linear Progression mean in the major school of thoughts of history?


  History will not repeat itself
• What does Relativist mean in the major school of thoughts of history?


  Written history involves interpretation
• What does Post Colonial mean in the major school of thoughts of history?


  History of nation highlighting their identity free from colonial influence
• Verisimilitudes


  Closer to the truth
• Kasaysayan during diff eras


  Spanish - kasaysayan to historia

  - christianity, made us prim and proper

  
  

  American - debunked superstitions

  
  

  Japanese - introduced imperialism

  
  

  19th century - ilustrados attempted to reclaim our history