Issues and debates

• Hard determinism


  View that traits and behaviours are entirely outside of the individuals control
• Biological determinism

  Idea tha traits and behaviours are governed by internal factors such as genes, neuro chemistry and brain structure

  • Fo example it argues that addiction is biologically determined, if. Person developed a gene associated with decreased dopamine they will feel pleasure stronger
• Environmental determinism

  Traits and behaviours are governed by external forces such as experiences

  • E g argue addiction is environmentally determined through operant conditioning, pleasure positive reinforcement and motivation to avoid with drawal is negative reinforcement
• Psychic determinism

  Governed by unconscious instincts and drives

  • Freud claims addiction to smoking is unconsciously determined by oral fixations in psychosexual stages of development, frustration or over indulgence in th oral stage cab lead to libido energy fixated I mouth and seeking oral satisfaction dominates adult personality
• Soft determinism

  To an extent governed by internal/ external forces despite this we have some control over our behaviour

  • Slt argue elements of determinism in addiction ad boy may observe older brother smoking who he identifies with, however mediating cognitive factors mean he won't blindly adhere and he must have motivation to imitate it for example seeing pleasure it brings his older brother
• Free will

  The view humans have compete control over behaviour
• Free will perspective of addiction

  Person makes the choice to smoke
• Free will in Rogers therapy

  • Client centred therapy claimed as long as individuals remain controlled by other people and things they can't take responsibility for behaviour and can't begin to change it