Nutrients

• What are Nutrients

  Substances that are necessary for organisms to function
• What are Carbohydrates


  Energy storage molecule

  Primary source of energy required by cells
• Where are Carbohydrates found

  Pasta, Bread, Rice, potatoes, sugar
• Monosaccharides 


  Simple sugars

  Glucose, Fructose, Galactose are the building blocks of carbs
• Disaccharides 


  Two simpler sugars bonded
• What makes maltose 


  glucose + glucose
• what makes Sucrose 


  Glucose + Fructose
• What makes lactose 


  Glucose + Galactose
• Polysaccharides 


  Many simple sugars bonded
• Starch


  How plants store excess carbs
• Glycogen 


  How animals store excess carbs
• Cellulose 


  Plants cell walls

  Not digestible by humans

  we call it fibre
• Chitin 


  Exoskeleton of insects
• Using Carbohydrates 


  Glucose > Cells make ATP from it and use it as fuel > left overs are stored as glycogen
• If deprived of new glucose, glycogen can be converted to glucose
• Carbs make up 2/3 of our fuel
• If not available, then body will go after lipids, and then next is proteins
• Overconsumption of carbs can lead to diabetes, high blood pressure, hyperactive + obesity
• Where are Lipids found

  fats, oils, waxes
• What form is most of the fat we consume

  Triglycerides
• What are triglycerides made up of

  One molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids (Carbon + hydrogen bonded)
• Saturated


  All single bonds, therefor carbons are surrounded by hydrogen
• Monounsaturated


  One double bond between carbons meaning some hydrogens missing
• Polyunsaturated


  Many double bonds between carbons, means many hydrogens missing
• Saturated fats 


  Come from animal sources (Ex. butter, lard)

  Single bonds makes the molecule easily stackable = SOLID

  Bad for you since it can clog arteries
• Monounsaturated fats 


  Comes from plants and fish oil (Ex. coconut oil, olive oil, krill oil)

  Double bonds create a kink in the molecule, therefor can’t stack as easily = semi solid or liquid

  Good for you since it cleans the arteries
• Transfat


  Unsaturated fats that have been processed into solid form

  Bombarded with hydrogen to become saturated (Done to increase shelf life) but found really sticky to arteries
• Cholesterol 


  Not all bad, in fact we need cholesterol for cell membranes, to make bile, hormones, nerve cells
• Low Density Lipoprotein 


  BAD cholesterol

  Diet increases in saturated fats = high LDL
• High Density Lipoprotein 


  GOOD cholesterol

  Diet increases in unsaturated fats = high HDL
• Lipids are more concentrated fuel than carbs
• 1g of carbs = 4 calories, 1g of fats = 9 calories

  Eating fats make you feel more energetic and full for longer
• Tryglycerides gets broken down into glycerol (Glycerol + Glycerol = Glucose) and three fatty acids (bonds between carbon and hydrogen are broken to harness energy)
• fats are necessary to absorb vitamins
• Fats are needed for food to taste good

  Flavour particles are fat soluble
• Fats are stored in fat cells, everyone has the same number but the can grow indefinitely
• Where are proteins found

  Meat, poultry, dairy, legumes
• The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.
• There are 20 different types of amino acids that are bonded together (recipe dictated by your DNA) to make long chains called polypeptides
• When they fold into specific 3D shape = protein