gender

• Chivalry thesis: {Pollak} (patterns of offending)

  Idea that women are treated leniently when it comes to court which is mainly made up by men who are socialised to be chivalrous to women. They are more likely to get fines rather than going prison.

  supported evidence: Flood page. Granham and Bowling
• Chivalry criticism: Farrington morris study on magistrates, women are not treated more leniently
• Functionalist sex role thesis: Parsons

  Biological and social factors. Expressive and instrumental roles are played.

  Supported by Cohen.
• Patriarchal control- Heindensohn, women have at least one male figure in their life who doesn't want them to commit crime so they are under control in public (Lees male gaze, fear), home(dobash and dobash) and in work (glass ceiling).
• Liberation- Adler. Women are now more equal than men so offend as much as men.
• Gender & class deals- Carlen. Class deal if they work hard they will be financially rewarded, gender deal if they are good mothers and wives. If both broken down, women turn to crime.
• Patriarchal control Ao3: patriarchy can also push women into crime in a bid to escape male dominance for a better life.
• Liberation evaluation: Female crime rate began rising in the 1950s long before the womens liberation movement which emerged in the 1960s
• Functionalist Ao3: Walkate, just because women have the biological capacity to bear children doesn't mean they are best suited to the expressive role.

  -sees female behaviours as determined by external factors, ignores importance of free will and choice
• Functionalist supported: Cohen, lack of male figures less socialisation with children so turn to identification with male street gangs
• Messerschmidt- Men offend to achieve hegemonic masculinity, however some have subordinated masculinities (w/c, ethnic and gay men with no hegemonic desires)
• Middle class masculinity- corporate crime

  Working class masculinity- street crime
• Winlow- decline in manual jobs= men offered legal and illegal employment means in nighttime economy (pubs, drugs,clubs) to maintain their masculinity identity.