tectonic hazards

• What are the three types of tectonic plate margins mentioned?

  Destructive, Constructive, and Conservative margins
• What happens at a destructive margin?

  One plate subducts, melts, and forms magma
• What occurs at a constructive margin?

  Plates move apart, creating tension and allowing magma to rise
• What is the result of tension building at a conservative margin?


  Plates get stuck and build tension until they jerk past each other
• How do volcanoes form?

  When magma rises through vents or into gaps created by moving plates
• What are hotspots in relation to volcanoes?

  Areas in the middle of tectonic plates where volcanoes can form over hot parts of the mantle
• Why do people live in areas vulnerable to tectonic hazards?

  • They can't afford to move
  • They don't know the risks
  • They've always lived in the area
  • They believe the government will support them
• What are some management strategies to minimize risks from tectonic hazards?

  • Monitoring volcanic activity
  • Strengthening buildings
  • Planning evacuation routes
  • Educating the public on hazard responses
• How does volcanic ash benefit the soil?

  Volcanic ash makes soil fertile
• What role do scientists play in monitoring volcanoes?

  They monitor changes in volcano shape, gas emissions, and small earthquakes to predict eruptions
• What tools are used to monitor tectonic plate movements?

  Seismometers and lasers
• What are some immediate responses to an earthquake?

  Tsunami warnings, emergency shelters, and evacuations
• What were the primary effects of the Kaikoura earthquake in 2016?

  2 deaths, 50 injured, and US $8.5 billion in damage
• What were the secondary effects of the Gorkha earthquake in 2015?

  Landslides blocked roads, delaying aid and causing typhus outbreaks
• What are the immediate and long-term responses to the Kaikoura earthquake?

  Immediate responses:

  • Tsunami warning issued
  • Emergency shelters set up
  • Vulnerable people evacuated

  
  

  Long-term responses:

  • $5.3 million for repairs
  • Road and rail routes reopened within 2 years
• What were the immediate and long-term responses to the Gorkha earthquake?

  Immediate responses:

  • Rescue efforts slowed by lack of tools
  • Emergency shelters for 130,000 families

  
  

  Long-term responses:

  • $500 million from World Bank Group
  • Heritage sites reopened to attract tourists
• What magnitude were both the Kaikoura and Gorkha earthquakes?

  1. 8 magnitude
• What is the significance of using reinforced concrete in new buildings?

  It helps buildings withstand earthquakes
• How do automatic shut-offs for gas and electricity help during an earthquake?

  They prevent fires from occurring
• Why is it important to teach people how to react if a hazard occurs?

  It prepares them to respond effectively during an emergency
• What is the purpose of stockpiling emergency supplies?

  To ensure availability of essentials during a disaster
• Why is it important to avoid new developments in high-risk areas?

  To reduce vulnerability to tectonic hazards
• What is the role of emergency services in disaster preparedness?

  They practice rescue procedures to improve response times