GRAM+

• What type of bacteria is Bacillus?

  Gram positive bacilli that form spores aerobically
• What is the most virulent species of Bacillus?


  1. B. anthracis
• What disease is caused by B. anthracis?

  Anthrax
• What are the types of anthrax associated with B. anthracis?

  • Cutaneous anthrax
  • Pulmonary anthrax (Woolsorter's disease)
  • Gastrointestinal anthrax
• What is a characteristic colony appearance of B. anthracis?

  Medusa head colonies
• How does B. anthracis appear in culture?

  It shows a bamboo pole arrangement
• What is the catalase reaction for B. anthracis?

  Catalase positive
• What is B. cereus associated with?

  Food poisoning
• From which foods is B. cereus commonly isolated?

  Rice, other cereals, vegetables, and milk
• What type of bacteria is Clostridium?

  Gram positive bacilli that form spores anaerobically
• What does C. perfringens cause?

  Myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and food poisoning
• What is a characteristic appearance of C. perfringens in solid media?

  Boxcar appearance
• What is the hemolysis pattern of C. perfringens on blood agar plates?

  Double zone of hemolysis
• What is the toxin associated with C. botulinum?

  Botulism toxin
• What condition does C. botulinum cause?

  Botulism
• What is the effect of botulism toxin?

  It inhibits acetylcholine release
• What is the characteristic symptom of infant botulism?

  Floppy baby syndrome
• What is the etiologic agent of tetanus?

  1. C. tetani
• What toxin does C. tetani produce?

  Tetanospasmin
• What are the symptoms associated with tetanus?

  Spastic contractions and lockjaw
• What is C. difficile known for?

  Being an important cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
• What is the culture medium for C. difficile?

  CCFA (Cycloserine Cefoxitin Fructose Agar)
• What is the agent of diphtheria?

  Corynebacterium diphtheriae
• What does the exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae affect?

  The mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
• What is a significant result of the infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

  Pseudomembrane formation in the oropharynx
• What is the motility characteristic of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

  Non-motile
• What is the appearance of C. diphtheriae colonies on cystine-tellurite blood agar?

  Black or gray colonies
• What are the colony types of C. diphtheriae based on phenotypic characteristics?

  • Gravis type: 1 to 2 mm, largest colonial type
  • Mitis type: Fried egg appearance with white centers
  • Intermedius type: Small colonies (0.5 mm) with gray borders
  • Balfanti type: Varies in size and texture
• What is the significance of the brown halo surrounding colonies of C. diphtheriae on CTBA?

  It indicates cystinase activity
• What is the test for susceptibility of diphtheria?

  Schick test
• What is the normal flora associated with Corynebacterium amycolatum?

  Human conjunctiva, skin, and nasopharynx
• What is Listeria monocytogenes associated with?

  Meningitis, pneumonia, abortion, stillbirth, endocarditis, and urethritis
• What is a characteristic motility test result for Listeria monocytogenes?

  Umbrella or inverted Christmas tree appearance in semisolid medium
• What is the major source of infection for Listeria monocytogenes?

  Contaminated food
• What is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae known to cause?

  Erysipeloid
• What is the occupational hazard associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

  Handling meat, poultry, and fish
• What is Lactobacillus acidophilus known for?

  Being part of the normal flora of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal canal
• What is the culture medium for Lactobacillus acidophilus?

  Tomato juice agar
• What are the clinical significances of Lactobacillus acidophilus?

  • Nonpathogenic
  • Important for maintaining gut flora
  • Used in probiotics
• When Bacillus are collected from patient

  Encapsulated