Aerobic Respiration

• Role/ suitability of ATP

  • Easily hydrolysed
  • Only requires 1 enzyme to release energy and be reformed
  • Immediately releases energy
• ATP releases energy in small amounts
• ATP is synthesised by ATP synthase and hydrolysed by ATP hydrolase
• ATP cannot leave the cell
• The phosphate ion after ATP has been hydrolysed can cause the phosphorylation of other compounds, making them more reactive
• The structure of mitochondria:

  • Outer membrane
  • Inter membrane space
  • Inner membrane
  • Matrix
  • Circular DNA
  • 70s ribosomes
• Phosphorylation is where a phosphate ion is added to ADP to create an energy rich bond
• Hydrolase breaks the last bond in ATP to release a small amount of energy
• ATP releases enough energy for one reaction
• ATP synthase synthesises ATP
• 3 types:

  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Photophosphorylation
  • Substrate-level phosphorylation
• Oxidative phosphorylation requires oxygen
• Photophosphorylation is in photosynthesis
• Substrate-level phosphorylation is in organic molecules
• Aerobic respiration:

  glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+ ATP)
• 1 molecule of glucose produces 32 mol ATP
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
• Link reaction happens in the matrix of the mitochondria
• The Krebs cycle happens in the matrix of the mitochondria
• Glucose (6C) -> Pyruvate (3C) -> Acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) (2C)
• Glycolysis

  • Glucose -> Pyruvate
  • Produces 2 ATP
  • Happens in the cytoplasm
• Link reaction

  • Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA
  • lose a carbon
  • Happens in the matrix in the mitochondria
• Krebs cycle:

  • Acetyl CoA goes round in circles
  • Produces 2 ATP
  • Happens in the matrix of the mitochondria
• Glycolysis, link reaction and the Krebs cycle are all substrate-level phosphorylation
• Things happen in substrate-level phosphorylation that influence oxidative phosphorylation
• Electron transport/ carrier chain produces 28 ATP
• The electron transport chain is an example of oxidative phosphorylation
• The electron transport chain happens in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria
• Glycolysis:

  A) Phosphorylated glucose

  B) Pyruvate

  C) Oxidation

  D) NADH+

  E) Triose phosphate (TP)

  F) Phosphorylation

  G) (6C)

  
• Oxidised:

  • Lose hydrogen
  • Lose electron
  • Gain oxygen
• Reduced

  • Gain hydrogen
  • Gain electron
  • Lose oxygen
• Link reaction

  A) Dehydrogenase

  B) Decarboxylase

  C) 3 carbon

  D) 2 Carbon

  E) CO2

  F) NAD+

  G) NADH+

  H) Acetyl CoA

  I) Pyruvate

  
• Link reaction end products:

  • 2 reduced NAD
  • 2 CO2
  • 2 Acetyl coenzyme A
• The krebs cycle

  A) Reduced NAD

  B) CO2

  C) NAD

  D) ATP

  E) ADP

  F) CO2

  G) Reduced FAD

  H) (5C)

  I) Citrate

  J) Oxalocetate

  K) Acetyl coenzyme A

  
• Where does glycolysis happen?

  Cytoplasm
• Where does the link reaction happen?

  Matrix of the mitochondria
• Where does the krebs cycle happen?

  Matrix of the mitochondria
• What is the net production of ATP after the krebs cycle?

  2
• What is the net production of ATP after glycolysis?

  2
• Electron Transport Chain

  A) Inner membrane

  B) Intermembrane space

  C) Proton pump

  D) Electron carrier

  E) ATP synthase

  F) Concentration

  G) Metabolic water