programming language

• Programming language

  • a medium through which programmer may give instructions to a computer
• What are the two ways of translating high-level language program code to machine-language instructions?

  Interpretation and compilation.
• What is programming?

  • Implementing a representation of the solution for the computer to execute.
  • Encoding an algorithm using a programming language.
  • Involves sequential processing, decision-making, and iteration.
• What must a programming language support to implement algorithms?


  Control-constructs and data-types.
• What is machine-language?

  A language specific to the type of computer processor, consisting of binary instructions.
• Why is it error-prone to code directly in machine-language?

  Because it consists of '0' and '1' binary format, which is difficult for humans to manage.
• What is the purpose of high-level programming languages?

  To provide abstraction from the internal operating details of the computer.
• What are examples of high-level programming languages?

  C, Java, Python.
• What are the two approaches for program translation?

  1. Interpretation
  2. Compilation
• How does the interpretation approach work?

  It uses an interpreter that reads and translates one high-level code statement at a time.
• Name three programming languages that use the interpretation approach.

  Python, R, and JavaScript.
• How does the compilation approach work?

  It uses a compiler to read and translate the entire high-level language program into machine-language instructions.
• What are examples of programming languages that use the compilation approach?

  C and C++
• What is unique about Java's translation technique?

  Java uses a combination of both interpretation and compilation techniques.
• Compare the advantages and disadvantages of interpreters and compilers.

  Interpreter:

  • Portable across different platforms.
  • Produces results almost immediately.
  • Easy to debug.
  • Executes more slowly.

  
  

  Compiler:

  • Runs very fast after compilation.
  • Smaller code size after compilation.
  • Must compile the entire program before execution.
  • Needs recompilation for different platforms.
• What was C language originally developed for?

  To help implement the Unix operating system.
• What is a key feature of C language?

  It allows for direct access and manipulation of the underlying computer's hardware.
• What are some applications suitable for C language?

  Embedded systems development, operating systems implementations, and device drivers.
• What is C++ an extension of?

  C language.
• What programming paradigm does C++ support?

  Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).
• What is the focus of programming in OOP?

  On how objects interact with one another.
• What are some applications suitable for C++ language?

  Video games, GUI-based applications, and operating systems design.
• What is Python known for?

  Being a relatively easy-to-learn programming language.
• What type of applications is Python targeted for?

  General purpose programming for applications that do not need direct access to the computer's hardware.
• How does the Python interpreter work?

  It converts and executes Python program statements one-by-one to machine instructions.
• What are some applications suitable for Python language?

  Data science and web development.
• What is Java known for?

  Being a highly portable, general-purpose language with Object-Oriented support.
• How does Java achieve portability?

  By running as an interpreted language on a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
• What is the process of Java program execution?

  The source code is compiled to Java bytecode, which is then interpreted by the JVM.
• What are some applications suitable for Java language?

  Mobile apps for Android phones and game development.
• What is a webpage?

  • A text document transferred over the internet.
  • Displayed in a web browser (e.g., Chrome, Safari).
• What language is commonly used to describe the content of a webpage?

  HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).
• How can a webpage be made dynamic and interactive?

  By adding scripts in languages such as JavaScript.
• What is PHP used for?

  To dynamically generate HTML webpages before they are sent to the browser.
• What are the applications of R language?

  • Used for statistical computing and data analysis.
  • Provides extensive graphic plotting functions.
  • Useful for developing science and engineering computation applications.
• What are the applications of MATLAB language?

  • Used primarily for numerical computing.
  • Supports functions and libraries for matrix manipulation, plotting, and data visualization.
  • Applications include audio, video, and image signal processing.
• What are the two levels of programming languages?

  1. Low-level machine-language executed directly by the computer.
  2. High-level programming language that needs translation to machine-language for execution.
• What are the two ways of translating programming languages?

  1. Interpreter: translates and executes statements one-by-one.
  2. Compiler: translates the entire program before execution.
• What are examples of compiled and interpreted languages?

  • Compiled languages: C, C++.
  • Interpreted languages: Python, JavaScript, R.
  • Combination: Java.
• What is the significance of different programming languages?

  • Each language provides different features.
  • Suitable for different requirements and applications.