Protest, progress, and radicalism

• What event is referred to as the Greensboro Sit-in?

  It was a protest where four black students refused to leave a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter.
• Why did the Greensboro Sit-in gain significant media attention?

  Because thousands of students began holding their own sit-ins across the state.
• What was the significance of the Greensboro Sit-in in terms of public participation?

  It inspired young people and white people to join in the protest.
• What tactic did the students use during the Greensboro Sit-in?

  They remained seated and did not react when attacked.
• What were the key outcomes of the Greensboro Sit-in?

  • Inspired similar protests across the country
  • Attracted significant media attention
  • Demonstrated a simple but effective protest tactic

  
• What year did the Freedom Riders begin their journey?

  1961
• What was the purpose of the Freedom Rides?

  To see if desegregation was actually happening in the Deep South.
• What was the outcome of the Freedom Rides in terms of government action?

  The government agreed to force disobedient states to desegregate their bus facilities.
• What organization was established in April 1960 to plan student protests in the South?

  The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
• What was the role of the police chief Bull Connor during the Freedom Rides?


  He allowed the KKK to attack the riders in Birmingham.
• Who was James Meredith?

  A black student who was ordered by the Supreme Court to be accepted at the University of Mississippi.
• What happened when James Meredith tried to register at the University of Mississippi?

  He was physically stopped by the state governor and university officials.
• What was the significance of federal troops being sent to assist James Meredith?

  It demonstrated federal support for civil rights and the enforcement of desegregation.
• What campaign began in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963?

  Campaign C (for 'confrontation').
• Why did the campaigners choose Birmingham for their protests?

  Because they knew that Bull Connor would use violence against the protestors.
• What were the main activities included in Campaign C in Birmingham?

  • Sit-ins
  • Boycotts
  • Peaceful marches
• How did media coverage affect public perception of the Birmingham protests?

  It made the police look bad and garnered sympathy for the protestors.
• What significant event took place on August 28, 1963, in Washington DC?

  The March on Washington.
• What was the outcome of the March on Washington in terms of participation?

  Over 250,000 people participated, including 40,000 white individuals.
• What was the significance of Martin Luther King's "I have a dream" speech during the March on Washington?

  It gained more support for the civil rights movement.
• What were the key outcomes of the March on Washington?

  • Demonstrated massive support for civil rights
  • Black and white people protested together
  • MLK’s speech gained more support for the movement
  • Broadcast live around the world

  
• What was the focus of the Freedom Summer in 1964?

  Voter registration in black communities in Mississippi.
• What violent response did volunteers face during the Freedom Summer?

  The KKK burned black homes and churches and attacked volunteers.
• Who were the three volunteers murdered during the Freedom Summer?

  Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney.
• What was the outcome of the voter registration efforts during the Freedom Summer?

  Only 1,600 out of 17,000 black people who tried to register succeeded.
• What does NAACP stand for?


  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
• What does CORE stand for?

  Congress of Racial Equality
• What does SCLC stand for?

  Southern Christian Leadership Conference
• What does SNCC stand for?

  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
• What was the voter registration rate for black people in Selma, Alabama, in 1965?

  Only 1% of the black population was registered to vote.
• What was the outcome of the march from Selma to Montgomery?

  President Johnson ordered the National Guard to escort the marchers to Montgomery.
• What were the consequences of the Selma march?

  • Increased media publicity in favor of the protestors
  • Inspired more protests across the country
• What were the key events and outcomes of the Greensboro Sit-ins, Freedom Riders, James Meredith case, Birmingham protests, March on Washington, Freedom Summer, and Selma protests?


  • Greensboro Sit-ins: Inspired protests, media attention
  • Freedom Riders: Highlighted desegregation issues, government intervention
  • James Meredith: Federal troops sent to enforce desegregation
  • Birmingham: Media coverage swayed public opinion
  • March on Washington: Massive support for civil rights, MLK's speech
  • Freedom Summer: Voter registration focus, violence against volunteers
  • Selma: National Guard intervention, increased protest support

  
• What were the key civil rights laws passed in the 1960s?

  The 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
• What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplish?

  It banned segregation in public places and discrimination in voter registration tests.
• What were the limitations of the 1964 Civil Rights Act?

  It did not stop discrimination in practice, and many were afraid to report complaints.
• What did the 1965 Voting Rights Act achieve?

  It made it illegal to prevent certain races from voting and banned discriminatory literacy tests.
• What was the impact of federal officials helping with voter registration by the end of 1965?

  79,593 voters had been registered with their help.
• How did Presidents Kennedy and Johnson approach civil rights?

  They supported civil rights but had to balance the interests of ordinary people and Dixiecrat politicians.
• What were the key actions taken by Presidents Kennedy and Johnson in support of civil rights?

  • Appointed the first black judge (Thurgood Marshall) to the Supreme Court
  • Passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act
  • Used executive orders to intervene in civil rights issues