Study Question Nineteen

• Q19. Summarize how each vitamin and hormone listed in the reading affects bone growth and maintenance.
• Inorganic Minerals:

  • Ca(^2+)
  • PO(4^3-)
• Organic Vitamins:

  • A, C: stimulate osteoblasts and fibroblasts
  • D: absorb calcium
• Hormones:

  • Parathyroid: stimulate osteoclasts
  • Calcitonin: slows osteoclasts
  • Human Growth Hormone: targets liver to make somatomedin which stimulates osteoblasts to lengthen bone
  • Testosterone and Estrogen: levels vary through childhood causing a growth spurt then epiphyseal closure
  • Calcitriol: Vitamin D
  • Thyroid Hormones: stimulate bone cell metabolism