biochem lab

• Cell Membrane - a blazered phospholipid that controls the flow of water and has receptors for odor, taste, and harming
• ·         Cell Wall - provides and maintains the shape of a plant cell and acts as a barrier to outside harms
• • ·         Cilia and Flagella - help move the cell and move liquid past the surface of the cell
• ·         Chloroplasts: pulls together water and carbon dioxide to make sugar
• ·         Chromatin: organizes and controls DNA
• ·         Chromosomes - single molecule of DNA
• ·         Cytoplasm: the liquid in a cell that contains all the organelles
• ·         Cytoskeleton: maintains cell shape and internal movement of cell organelles
• ·         Golgi Apparatus: packages macromolecules for transportation
• ·         Lysosome: digests and kills bacteria cells
• ·         Mitochondria: power of the cell
• ·         Nucleolus: produces ribosomes and moves them in and out of the nucleus
• ·         Nucleus: holds the DNA
• ·         Peroxisomes: digests fatty acids
• ·         Ribosomes: assemble a protein chain
• ·         Rough ER - uses ribosomes to transport proteins
• ·         Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids
• ·         Vacuole: store nutrients in a plant cell and helps in intracellular digestion
• Biochemistry - is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.
• Biochemistry - ·         It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems by:

   
• Cells - basic structural units of living organisms are highly organized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state.
• All organisms use the same type of molecules

  • CHO
  • proteins
  • Lipids
  • nucleic acids
• All organisms use the same type of molecules

  • CHO
  • proteins
  • Lipids
  • nucleic acids
• All organisms use the same type of molecules

  • CHO
  • proteins
  • Lipids
  • nucleic acids
• All organisms use the same type of molecules

  • CHO
  • proteins
  • Lipids
  • nucleic acids
• Cells - Basic building blocks of life
• Cells - ·         Smallest living unit of an organism
• ü  The word cell comes from the Latin word "cella", meaning "small room", and it was first coined by a microscopist observing the structure of cork.
• Cells - ·Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment

  ·         Many cannot be seen with the naked eye

  ·         A cell may be an entire organism or it cells that make up the organism may be one of billions of
• In 1665, an English biologist Robert Hooke invented first compound microscope and observed the sections of corks and leaves under this microscope.
• They found that structure of cells was complex
• The cell is the basic unit of all living things, and all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
• Cells are so basic and critical to the study of life, in fact, that they are often referred to as "the building blocks of life
• Organism’s - bacteria, amoebae and yeasts, for example - may consist of as few as one cell, while a typical human body contains about a trillion cells
• Prokaryotes - include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane- bound structures called organelles
• Eukaryotes - include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)
•  

  PROKARYOTES are unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound structures, the most noteworthy of which is the nucleus. Prokaryotic cells tend to be small, simple cells, measuring around 0.1-5 µm in diameter.
• Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound structures, they do have distinct cellular regions. In prokaryotic cells, DNA bundles together in a region called the nucleoid.
• ·         Nucleoid: A central region of the cell that contains its DNA.
• ·         Ribosome: are responsible for protein synthesis.