1900-present

• What significant medical discoveries were made in the 20th century that contributed to increases in life expectancy?

  Penicillin, DNA, and new surgery methods
• What is the concept of a 'magic bullet' in medicine?

  • A method to kill germs inside the body
  • Does not harm healthy human tissue
  • Developed following germ theory and specific bacteria identification
• Who were the key figures in the development of the first magic bullet?

  Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata
• What was Paul Ehrlich's theory regarding chemicals and germs?

  Some chemicals might kill specific germs without harming healthy human tissue
• How did Ehrlich test the effectiveness of chemicals against syphilis?

  By infecting rabbits with syphilis and administering chemicals to see if they were cured
• What was the name of the first magic bullet discovered by Ehrlich and Hata?

  Salvarsan 606
• Why was Salvarsan 606 significant in medical history?

  It was the first chemical that could cure syphilis
• What did Gerhard Domagk discover in 1935?

  Prontosil, an antibacterial drug
• What type of bacteria did Prontosil target?

  Streptococcal bacteria
• What were the implications of the discovery of magic bullets in medicine?

  • Led to research into other chemicals as magic bullets
  • Paved the way for the discovery of natural substances targeting infections
  • Contributed to the development of antibiotics like penicillin
• Who discovered penicillin and when?

  Alexander Fleming in 1928
• What are antibiotics and what do they do?

  Substances that slow down or stop the growth of bacteria
• What significant medical discoveries were made in the 20th century that contributed to increases in life expectancy?

  Penicillin, DNA, and new surgery methods
• What significant medical discoveries were made in the 20th century that contributed to increases in life expectancy?

  Penicillin, DNA, and new surgery methods
• What were the key contributions of James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins to the understanding of DNA?

  • Rosalind Franklin: Expert in X-ray imaging of DNA
  • Watson and Crick: Discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953
  • Wilkins: Collaborated with Franklin and contributed to the understanding of DNA
• Why was Rosalind Franklin's work with X-rays important for DNA research?

  It enabled researchers to understand the structure and composition of DNA
• What is the significance of the discovery of DNA's structure in 1953?

  It helped researchers understand the causes of some diseases and allowed a new field of medicine to evolve
• What is the National Health Service (NHS)?

  • A free health care system in the UK
  • Provides mainstream medical treatment and care
• What are some significant advances in surgery since 1945?

  • 1967: First heart transplant by Christiaan Barnard
  • 2005: First partial face transplant in France
  • 2010: First full face transplant in Spain
  • Laser surgery for various medical applications
  • Keyhole surgery using microscopic cameras
• What significant medical discoveries were made in the 20th century that contributed to increases in life expectancy?

  The discovery of penicillin, DNA, and new surgery methods
• Who performed the world's first heart transplant and in what year?

  Christiaan Barnard in 1967
• What role did penicillin play in medicine?

  Penicillin is an antibiotic that controls the spread of bacteria by killing them or stopping their reproduction
• What are alternative and complementary medicines?

  Treatments and methods not considered mainstream, lacking evidence or testing
• What is keyhole surgery?

  A surgical technique that uses microscopic cameras and small incisions
• Who proposed the germ theory that influenced the development of antibiotics?

  Louis Pasteur
• What are some examples of alternative and complementary medicines?

  • Acupuncture: using needles for pain relief
  • Yoga: exercises for mental health and flexibility
  • Hypnotherapy: relaxation techniques for mental health
  • Herbal remedies: using herbs for various medical issues
• What are the benefits of keyhole surgery?

  It reduces the risk of infection and speeds up recovery times
• What was Paul Ehrlich's contribution to medicine?

  He discovered the concept of a magic bullet for targeting bacteria
• What is the role of the immune system?

  To prevent disease by defending against foreign bodies
• What are some modern treatments developed since 1945?

  • In vitro fertilisation (IVF) leading to the birth of Louise Brown in 1978
  • Development of new vaccines, such as the HPV vaccine
• What type of bacteria did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin was effective against?

  Staphylococcus bacteria
• What does IVF stand for and what does it involve?

  In vitro fertilisation; it involves creating an embryo from sperm and egg outside the body
• What was the significance of Fleming's discovery of penicillin?

  It led to the development of antibiotics that could treat bacterial infections
• What is the purpose of the HPV vaccine?

  To reduce the chance of developing certain cancers
• Where did Alexander Fleming conduct most of his research?

  St Mary’s Hospital in London
• When was the first successful in vitro fertilisation (IVF) birth?

  1978
• What is antibiotic resistance?

  When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
• What happened when Fleming returned from his holiday in 1928?

  He discovered mould growing on a Petri dish that killed surrounding bacteria
• What are the key features of modern medicine since 1945?

  • Significant developments in new medicines, surgery, and treatments
  • Advances in understanding DNA and genetic illnesses
  • Innovations in surgical techniques and treatments like IVF and vaccines
• Who were Howard Florey and Ernst Chain?

  Researchers at the University of Oxford who worked on purifying penicillin