Hypertension

• Hypertension


  Increase viscosity of the blood
• Hypertension

  Is an abnormal elevation of BP; systolic pressure above 140 mmg and the diastolic pressure above 90 mmg for at least two (2) readings.
• Hypertension

  Positive family history strongly supports the diagnosis of hypertension.
• Types of Hypertension:

  Primary or Essential

  • No identifiable cause; accounts for 90-95% of cases.
• Types of Hypertension:

  Secondary or Non-essential

  • Due to identifiable causes (e.g., renal disease, endocrine disorders, medications).
• Hypertension

  Contributing Factors:

  1. family history of hypertension
  2. hyperlipidemia
  3. Race: African-American
  4. diabetes
  5. obesity
  6. aging
  7. stress
  8. excessive smoking and alcohol ingestion.
• 2 major effects of hypertension are as follows:

  1. Acceleration of atherosclerosis.
  2. Decrease in blood flow to organs
• The hypertensive effects on end- target organs are as follows:

  1. Heart - Myocardial Infarction
  2. Eyes - Cataract, retinopathy
  3. Brain - stroke
  4. Kidneys - Renal failure
  5. Peripheral Blood Vessels - dissecting aneurysm, gangrene
• Formula:

  Pulse pressure = systole minus diastole
• Formula:

  Mean Average Pressure = 2 (diastole) + systole / 3
• Formula:

  Pulse deficit = apical pulse minus radial pulse
• Hypertension: Manifestation

  The most characteristic clinical manifestation of hypertension is occipital headache especially upon waking.
• Hypertension: Manifestation

  Others:

  High Blood Pressure Can Elevate Pulse Daily

  • Headache (occipital)
  • Blurred vision
  • Palpitations
  • Chest pain
  • Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
  • Pulse (Palpitations)
  • Dizziness
• Stages of Hypertension:

  Normal: 120 / 80 mmHg

  Pre-HTN: 120-139 / 80-89 mmHg

  Stage 1: 140-159 / 90-99 mmHg

  Stage 2: >160 / 100 mmHg

  Hypertensive crisis: >180 / 120 mmHg
• Hypertension

  Confirmatory Test: >140 / 90 mmHg for 3 separate times
• Hypertension: Management

  Diet: decrease fat, decrease sodium (<3 mg per day), increase potassium
• Hypertension: Management

  Diet: DASH - dietary approach to stop hypertension (fruits and vegetables)
• Hypertension: Management

  Pharma:

  Diuretics are the first line of drugs for treating mild hypertension.
• Hypertension: Management

  Pharma:

  Thiazide is the most frequently prescribed diuretic to control mild hypertension.
• Hypertension: Management

  Thiazide can cause:

  • Hypokalemia
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Hyperglycemia