topic 2 pt 2

• What are the two major classifications of joints?

  Structural and Functional
• How are joints classified based on connective tissue type?

  They are classified as Fibrous, Cartilaginous, or Synovial
• How are joints classified based on the degree of motion?

  They are classified as Non-movable, Slightly movable, or Freely movable
• What are the three types of structural joints?

  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
• What are the three types of functional joints based on movement?

  • Non-movable
  • Slightly movable
  • Freely movable
• What is the classification of a fibrous joint?

  Non-movable
• What is the classification of a cartilaginous joint?

  Slightly movable
• What is the classification of a synovial joint?

  Freely movable
• What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?

  • United by fibrous connective tissue
  • No joint cavity
  • Little or no movement
• What are the sub-classifications of fibrous joints?

  • Gomphoses
  • Sutures
  • Syndesmosis
• What is a gomphosis joint?

  A specialized joint where pegs fit into sockets
• What holds teeth in place in gomphosis joints?

  Periodontal ligaments
• What is the characteristic of sutures in fibrous joints?

  Opposing bones interdigitate
• What happens to sutures in adults?

  They may ossify completely
• How are syndesmoses joints characterized?

  Bones are further apart and joined by ligaments
• What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?


  • United by cartilage
  • May be permanent or replaced by other types of joints
  • Little or no movement
• What are the sub-classifications of cartilaginous joints?

  1. Hyaline cartilaginous joints
  2. Fibrocartilaginous joints
• What characterizes hyaline cartilaginous joints?

  Two bones joined by hyaline cartilage
• What are examples of hyaline cartilaginous joints?

  Epiphyseal plates, sternocostal, sphenooccipital
• What characterizes fibrocartilaginous joints?

  Two bones joined by fibrocartilage and slightly movable
• What are examples of fibrocartilaginous joints?

  Symphysis pubis, manubriosternal symphysis, intervertebral disks
• What are the characteristics of synovial joints?

  • Complex joints
  • Contain synovial fluid
  • Allow considerable movement
• Which skeleton is primarily associated with synovial joints?

  The appendicular skeleton
• What are the types of movements at synovial joints?

  • Angular
  • Circular
  • Combination of movements
  • Special movements
• How are movements at synovial joints typically described?

  In relation to the anatomical position
• What are the types of angular movements at synovial joints?

  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Hyperextension
  • Plantar flexion
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
• What is flexion in terms of joint movement?

  A bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
• What is extension in terms of joint movement?

  A straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint
• What is hyperextension?

  Excessive extension beyond anatomical position
• What is plantar flexion?


  Ankle movement pointing the foot downward
• What is dorsiflexion?

  Ankle movement bringing the foot toward the shin
• What is abduction in terms of joint movement?

  Movement away from the midline
• What is adduction in terms of joint movement?

  Movement towards the midline
• How does knee flexion differ from flexion in other joints?

  Knee flexion moves the knee posteriorly to the coronal plane
• What are the types of circular movements at synovial joints?

  • Rotation
  • Pronation
  • Supination
  • Circumduction
• What is rotation in terms of joint movement?

  Turning of a structure around its long axis
• What is pronation?

  Turning the arm or foot downward
• What is supination?

  Turning the arm or foot upward
• What is circumduction?

  A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
• What are the types of special movements at synovial joints?

  • Elevation
  • Depression
  • Protraction
  • Retraction
  • Opposition
  • Reposition
  • Inversion
  • Eversion