heart

• What is the role of the circulatory system?

  To transport oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues
• What are the three main components of the circulatory system?

  Blood, blood vessels, and the heart
• How does the heart function in the circulatory system?

  The heart pumps blood to keep it moving through the vessels
• What is the structure of the circulatory system?

  • Composed of blood, blood vessels, and the heart
  • Blood carries oxygen and nutrients
  • Blood vessels hold the blood
  • Heart pumps the blood
• What is meant by a double circulatory system?

  It consists of two distinct loops: one for deoxygenated blood to the lungs and one for oxygenated blood to the body
• What happens to deoxygenated blood in the circulatory system?


  It is carried from the heart to the lungs to gain oxygen
• What are the names of the heart's chambers?

  The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
• What is the function of the valves in the heart?


  They prevent blood from flowing backwards
• How do the atria and ventricles work together during the cardiac cycle?

  The atria contract to push blood into the ventricles, which then contract to push blood out of the heart
• How many times does the heart cycle in a minute?

  About 70 times a minute
• What role do pacemaker cells play in the heart?


  They produce electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract
• What is an artificial pacemaker used for?

  To regulate the heart's rhythm when natural pacemaker cells fail
• What distinguishes arteries from veins?

  Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood to the heart
• Can arteries carry deoxygenated blood?

  Yes, for example, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood
• What is the function of the coronary arteries?

  They supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
• What are the key points about the circulatory system's structure and function?

  • Composed of blood, blood vessels, and the heart
  • Double circulatory system with two loops
  • Heart has four chambers: atria and ventricles
  • Valves prevent backflow of blood
  • Pacemaker cells regulate heart rhythm
  • Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle
• 1. Which part of the heart pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs?                      

  A

  A) A

  B) B

  
• Where in the heart is the pacemaker found?

  The right Atrium
• 1. Describe two ways that the structure of an artery is different from the structure of a vein. 

   Artery has a thicker muscle tissue

  Artery has a narrower lumen
• 1. Explain the effect of a partly blocked coronary artery on the human body
• Explain the effect of a partly blocked coronary artery on the human body

  • Reduced blood flow to heart - so less oxygen and glucose to heart
  •  Less AErobic respiration in heart more ANAerobic - therefore less     energy is released
  • Since there is more anaerobic res it causes production of lactic acids - which causes muscle fatigue and chest pain
  • Less muscle contraction, so less blood flows around body 
  • Less carbon dioxide removed from body - resulting in breathlessness/tiredness 
• What is cardiovascular disease a general term for?

  Diseases of the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels
• Name two examples of cardiovascular diseases.

  Coronary heart disease and heart failure
• What are the main treatments for cardiovascular diseases?

  • Stents
  • Statins
  • Replacement valves
  • Replacement hearts
• What happens in coronary heart disease?

  The coronary arteries become blocked by fatty material, narrowing the lumen and reducing blood flow
• Why is reduced blood flow to the heart muscle dangerous?

  It means less oxygen reaches the heart muscle, which can strain the heart and cause a heart attack
• What are the two main treatments for coronary heart disease?

  Stents and statins
• What is a stent?

  An expandable tube placed inside arteries to keep them open for blood flow
• What are the benefits and downsides of using stents?

  Benefits: quick surgery and long-term effectiveness; Downsides: surgery risks and potential thrombosis
• What are statins used for?

  To alter cholesterol levels in the bloodstream, decreasing bad cholesterol and increasing good cholesterol
• What are the two types of cholesterol?

  LDL (bad cholesterol) and HDL (good cholesterol)
• What is a downside of taking statins?

  They must be taken regularly for years and can cause side effects like headaches and kidney failure
• What can cause heart valves to become damaged or weakened?

  Natural aging, heart attacks, and infections
• What is the role of a heart valve?

  To allow blood to flow in one direction only
• What are the two main problems that can occur with heart valves?

  Stiff valves that don't open fully and valves that don't close properly, causing blood to leak
• How can faulty heart valves be fixed?

  By replacing them with biological or mechanical valves
• What is heart failure?

  When the heart isn't able to pump blood around the body properly anymore
• What is the only proper treatment for severe heart failure?

  A heart transplant
• What types of hearts can be used for transplants?

  Biological hearts from humans or animals, and artificial hearts
• What is a disadvantage of artificial hearts?

  They are generally only a temporary fix until a biological heart can be found