1.2

• Where did the Qing dynasty that ruled China in 1900 originate from?

  Manchuria in northeast China
• Which ethnic group made up most of the Chinese population during the Qing dynasty?

  The Han ethnic group
• Why was the Qing dynasty seen as foreign to China?

  Because Manchuria originally lay outside China
• How did Chinese culture influence the people's response to the Qing dynasty's rule?

  It encouraged respect for and acceptance of the political system
• What role did the teachings of Confucius play in the Qing dynasty's stability?

  They helped to keep the Qing emperors in power
• What rights did the Qing dynasty grant to foreign powers in the 19th century?

  Rights to exploit China's economic resources
• How did the presence of Western powers affect the Qing dynasty?

  It increased resentment towards the Imperial house and foreigners
• What did Western powers bring to China besides technology?

  Missionaries to convert the Chinese to Christianity
• How long had Buddhism been practiced in China by the time of the Qing dynasty?

  Over a thousand years
• What does Buddhism teach about suffering?

  That the way to end suffering is to achieve a state of enlightenment
• How did many Chinese people view Westerners during the Qing dynasty?

  As foreign devils who had to be driven out
• What was the Boxer Uprising also known as?

  The Boxer Rebellion
• When did the Boxer Uprising break out?

  In 1899
• Where did the Boxer Uprising begin?

  In Shandong in northern China
• How did the Boxer Uprising spread?

  It spread to three of China's northeastern provinces by 1900
• What were the members of the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists called by Westerners?

  Boxers
• Why did Westerners call the members of the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists 'Boxers'?

  Because they carried out exercises that looked like shadow boxing
• What were the causes of the Boxer Uprising?

  • Emperor Guangxu's attempt to modernize the government and end criticisms of the Qing dynasty
  • Opposition from Empress Dowager Cixi, who ended the reforms
  • Hatred of 'foreign devils' and their religion, along with fear of their technology
  • Cixi's encouragement of attacks on foreigners to avoid criticism of imperial rule
• What was the policy of 'the Hundred Days Reform'?

  It was an attempt by Emperor Guangxu to modernize the government
• What was Empress Dowager Cixi's role in the Hundred Days Reform?

  She opposed the reforms and seized control of the government
• What fueled the attacks on foreigners during the Boxer Uprising?

  The Chinese hatred of foreigners included fear of their technology and religion
• Who were the Boxers primarily composed of?

  Mostly peasants who had suffered from natural disasters
• What natural disasters contributed to the suffering of the Boxers?

  Famine and flooding
• What were the effects of the Boxer Uprising on China?

  • Increased resentment towards foreign powers
  • Strengthened nationalist sentiments among Chinese people
  • Led to further foreign intervention in China
  • Highlighted the weaknesses of the Qing dynasty
• Where did the Boxer attacks begin?

  Shandong
• Which provinces did the Boxer attacks spread to?

  Hebei, Shanxi, and Henan
• What actions did the Boxers take against Christian missionaries?

  They attacked missionaries, burned down churches and schools, and killed both foreign and Chinese Christians.
• What significant event occurred in Beijing during the Boxer Uprising?

  The German ambassador was shot.
• What happened to the Western population in Beijing during the Boxer Uprising?

  They retreated into the British legation, which was surrounded by Boxers for 55 days.
• Who supported the Boxers during the uprising?

  Empress Dowager Cixi
• What was the outcome of the siege of the British legation?

  The Westerners raised an international force which broke the siege.
• What happened to many Boxers after the siege was broken?

  Many Boxers were executed in the streets by the international forces.
• How did Cixi and the emperor escape after the uprising?

  They disguised themselves as peasants and fled south to Xian.
• Why was Cixi's support for the Boxers considered a mistake?

  It hurt the authority of the Qing dynasty by showing that the imperial house could not free China from foreign control.
• What was the immediate effect of the failure of the Boxer Rebellion?

  There was a tightening of foreign control in China.
• What financial penalty was imposed on China after the Boxer Uprising?

  £67 million in reparations to be paid over 39 years.
• What did the Western powers insist on after the Boxer Uprising?

  The destruction of China's military fortifications and arsenals of weapons.
• What happened to ten officials after the Boxer Uprising?

  They were executed.
• What was the consequence of the Boxer Uprising regarding foreign soldiers?

  Foreign soldiers were to be placed permanently in and around Beijing.
• What was the impact of the Boxer Uprising on Cixi and the emperor's authority?

  Their authority had been severely damaged by the failure of the Boxer Uprising.