3.5

• What was the nature of the Sino-Soviet relationship before 1949?

  It had been inconsistent, with periods of cooperation and conflict.
• In what year did Russia join the international force against the Boxers?

  1900
• Why did Russia fight with Japan over Manchuria before 1917?

  Russia sought to exploit China's resources in Manchuria.
• When was the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) funded?

  In 1921
• What was the purpose of the first United Front that the CCP joined?

  To eliminate warlords in China.
• What was the Comintern's directive to the CCP during the Shanghai Massacres?

  The Comintern ordered the CCP to continue their activities despite the massacres.
• Who provided military advisors for the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) during the Northern Expedition?

  Russia
• What role did Soviet advisors play in the CCP's battles against the GMD?

  They provided military advice during extermination campaigns and the Long March.
• What was the significance of the Second United Front created by the CCP and GMD?

  It aimed to unite against Japanese aggression.
• How did the USSR act as an ally during World War II?

  It supported the CCP and GMD against Japan.
• What treaty was signed between the USSR and China in February 1950?

  The Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance.
• What were the benefits for China from the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance?

  Promise of aid in case of attack, a loan of $300 million, and provision of equipment and experts.
• What economic concessions did China have to make to the USSR as part of the treaty?

  China had to accept Soviet use of some naval bases and give extensive economic concessions in Manchuria and Xinjiang.
• How many Soviet advisors were involved in establishing China's Five Year Plan?

  10,000 Soviet economic and military advisors.
• What role did Soviet nuclear scientists play in China's energy production?

  They enabled China to produce nuclear power for energy and build its first nuclear reactor.
• How many Chinese specialists and scientists went to the USSR for training?

  12,000
• What negative impact did Soviet advisors have during the Great Leap Forward?

  They gave bad farming advice that worsened the situation.
• What change occurred in Sino-Soviet relations from 1959 onwards?


  China had to become more independent as relations worsened.
• How did Mao view Stalin's encouragement for China to join the Korean War?

  Mao believed it was a strategy to weaken China.
• What was Mao's reaction to Khrushchev's 'secret speech' in 1956?

  Mao was offended as it implied criticism of his regime.
• What accusation did Deng Xiaoping make against the USSR in 1958?

  Deng accused the USSR of sending spies disguised as technical advisors.
• How did Mao treat Khrushchev during his visit to China in 1958?

  Mao treated him poorly by forcing him to have talks in his swimming pool.
• What criticism did Khrushchev make regarding the Great Leap Forward in 1958?

  Khrushchev criticized and mocked the Great Leap Forward and the communes.
• What was the consequence of Khrushchev taking back Soviet technicians in 1960?

  It damaged the Chinese economy and led to the cancellation of 200 major industrial plants.
• What did the Soviets do as they left China in 1960 that affected China's nuclear program?

  They destroyed nuclear documents, setting back China's nuclear program.
• How did the rhetoric between Mao and Khrushchev change in the early 1960s?

  Both leaders became increasingly scathing, with Khrushchev calling Mao derogatory names and Mao dismissing Khrushchev.
• What was Mao's reaction to China's development of its own nuclear bomb in 1964?

  Mao used it to provoke the USA, claiming it broke the nuclear monopoly.
• When did China develop its own hydrogen bomb?

  In 1967
• How did Mao view Brezhnev when he took over in 1964?

  Mao did not like Brezhnev and considered the Soviets to still be revisionists.
• What was the Cultural Revolution initiated by Mao in 1966 aimed at?

  It aimed to eliminate revisionists in China.
• What incident occurred in 1967 involving the Red Guards and the Soviet embassy?

  The Red Guards attacked the Soviet embassy in Beijing and intimidated Soviet officials.
• How did Mao respond to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968?

  Mao criticized the invasion but feared a similar attack on China.
• What physical conflict occurred between USSR and China in 1969?


  There were clashes between soldiers on the Sino-Soviet border.
• How did Mao's perception of the USA and USSR change by 1969?

  Mao believed the USSR had become China's biggest enemy, surpassing the USA.
• What significant diplomatic action did Mao take in 1972?

  Mao invited US President Richard Nixon to China for talks.
• What was the outcome of Mao's talks with Nixon in 1972?

  They signed the Shanghai Communique.
• What strategic change did Mao make regarding China's nuclear rockets?

  Mao directed them at the USSR instead of the USA.