5.2

• What was Deng's main concern regarding the Chinese economy?

  To improve and modernise the Chinese economy
• Why were factories in China considered inefficient during Deng's time?

  They were running at a loss and used old-fashioned machines
• How much grain did China have to import in 1982?

  13.7 million tons
• What natural disasters exacerbated poverty in China during 1980-1981?

  Serious droughts and floods
• What was the proposed solution to the problems in industry and agriculture?

  To increase output in both sectors
• What were the main problems in Chinese agriculture before Deng's reforms?

  • Production did not meet needs
  • Communes meant farmers had no incentive to produce more
  • Traditional farming methods were still in use
• What system did Deng introduce to reform agriculture?

  The Household Responsibility System
• What replaced the commune in Deng's agricultural reforms?

  The Xiang (the original village)
• What was the duration of the land use agreement under the Household Responsibility System?

  15 years
• What rights did farming households gain under the Household Responsibility System?

  They could choose which crops to grow and control their labor distribution
• What could farmers do with any extra produce they produced?

  Sell it for profit
• By what year had 98% of households adopted the Household Responsibility System?

  1984
• What was one significant outcome of the Household Responsibility System?

  China became the largest agricultural producer in the world
• What was introduced in 1979 to improve industry in China?

  A new 10-Year Plan
• What was the role of managers in state-owned enterprises under Deng's reforms?

  To run factories profitably and produce what people wanted to buy
• What were Town and Village Enterprises (TVEs)?

  Small businesses established in the countryside
• What policy did Deng adopt to encourage foreign investment?

  An open door policy for trade
• What were Special Economic Zones (SEZ)?

  Areas providing cheap land and local labor to Western firms
• What was the impact of SEZs on China's export trade by 1990?

  China's export trade had grown by 500%
• What consumer goods saw record production in China by 1990?

  Bicycles, watches, and sewing machines
• How many people were employed by TVEs by 1990?

  100 million people
• What were the positive and negative effects of Deng's industrial reforms?

  Positive Effects:

  • Export trade grew by 500% by 1990
  • Record production of consumer goods
  • TVEs employed 100 million people

  
  

  Negative Effects:

  • High cost of consumer goods
  • Unemployment at 12% in 1983
  • Inequalities in wealth and wages
  • Rise in Western-style problems (crime, hooliganism)
• Why was developing a highly educated workforce a priority for Deng?

  Industrial progress required technical expertise
• What percentage of the population had been educated to degree level by 1979 due to the Cultural Revolution?

  Less than 6%
• What measures did Deng take to improve education?

  Restored university entry exams, allowed private universities, reopened research institutes, encouraged travel to the West
• What population figure did China reach by 1979?

  974 million
• What was the estimated population of China by the year 2000?

  1. 282 billion
• What were the concerns that led to the introduction of the one-child policy?

  Feeding and providing resources for the growing population
• What was the minimum age for marriage under the one-child policy?

  20 for women, 22 for men
• What penalties were introduced for couples having more than one child?

  Financial penalties and state-ordered late-term abortions
• What incentives were provided for couples who only had one child?

  Cash bonuses and extra rations
• Why was the one-child policy more effective in towns than in the countryside?


  It was easier to police in urban areas
• What problems arose from the one-child policy?

  Encouraged late and compulsory abortion, increased female infanticide, led to gender imbalance and mental health issues in boys
• What were the effects of the one-child policy on gender balance in China?

  • Gender imbalance: 114 boys born for every 100 girls
  • Increased female infanticide
  • Mental health issues in boys