enzymes

• Why are enzymes important for living cells?

  Enzymes are important because they enable living cells to carry out numerous chemical reactions quickly.
• What is the problem with increasing the temperature to speed up chemical reactions?

  Increasing temperature can require a lot of energy, damage cells, and accelerate unwanted reactions.
• What is a catalyst?


  A catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction without being changed or used up in the process.
• How can catalysts be reused in chemical reactions?

  Catalysts can be reused because they are not changed or consumed during the reaction.
• What is an enzyme?

  An enzyme is a specific type of catalyst made by living organisms, often referred to as a biological catalyst.
• What are enzymes made of?

  Enzymes are large proteins made up of long chains of amino acids.
• How do the specific sequences of amino acids affect enzymes?

  The specific sequences of amino acids determine how enzymes fold and form unique shapes that catalyze specific reactions.
• What is a substrate in the context of enzyme action?

  A substrate is a reactant in a chemical reaction that an enzyme acts upon.
• What is the role of the active site in an enzyme?

  The active site is a region of the enzyme with a unique shape that is complementary to the substrate, allowing the reaction to be catalyzed.
• What happens if a substrate does not fit the active site of an enzyme?

  If the substrate does not fit the active site, the reaction will not be catalyzed.
• What are the two main models of enzyme action?

  • Lock and Key Model: Substrates fit perfectly into the active site.
  • Induced Fit Model: Enzyme changes shape slightly to fit the substrate better.
• How did the understanding of enzyme action change from the lock and key model to the induced fit model?

  Scientists now understand that enzymes change shape slightly when binding to substrates, rather than fitting perfectly like a key in a lock.
• How can you describe the induced fit model using a common analogy?

  • The induced fit model can be likened to putting your hand into a rubber glove, which molds around your hand to create a perfect fit.
• Enzyme-substrate complex is formed when the substrate binds to an active site on the enzyme.
• What factors are being examined in relation to enzyme functioning in this video?

  Temperature and pH
• How does temperature affect the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions?

  • As temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases due to higher kinetic energy.
  • After about 37 degrees, the rate drops rapidly due to enzyme denaturation.
  • Enzymes become denatured around 45 degrees, causing permanent damage.
• At what temperature does the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions start to drop rapidly?

  About 37 degrees
• What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

  High temperatures break bonds holding enzymes together, changing the active site's shape.
• What is the term used when an enzyme can no longer bind to its substrate due to shape change?

  Denatured
• What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity mentioned in the video?

  37 degrees
• What is the relationship between pH and enzyme activity?

  • pH is a measure of acidity.
  • Extreme pH levels can lower the rate of reaction.
  • Changes in pH can lead to enzyme denaturation.
  • Optimal pH varies by enzyme; most work best at around pH 7, while stomach enzymes work best at around pH 2.
• What is the optimal pH for most enzymes in the human body?

  Around pH 7
• What is the optimal pH for enzymes that function in the stomach?

  Around pH 2
• What happens to the active site of an enzyme when the pH is too high or too low?

  The active site changes shape, eventually preventing substrate binding.
• What resources does the learning platform offer according to the video?

  • Watch educational videos
  • Practice with questions
  • Track progress in sciences and maths
• What is the purpose of the link provided in the video description?

  To access the lesson for the particular video
• What is the significance of the playlist mentioned in the video?

  • It organizes all videos for the subject.
  • It allows easy access to related content.