INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

• used to refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the period before Socrates

  Intellectual Revolution
• The alternative, technical terms are "pre Socratic" or "non theological" or "first philosophy".

  Intellectual Revolution
• the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It is where the scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people where challenged and opposed.

  Intellectual Revolution
• Three characteristic features of this form of speculation:

  • The world is a natural ‘whole’.
  • There is a natural 'order‘.
  • Humans can 'discover' those laws.
• Three intellectuals who significantly changed the views about the world and human:

  Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud
• This caused the paradigm shift in the field of astronomy of how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe

  Copernican Revolution
• It described the absolute perception of the universe with earth as its center which was thought to be true by most of the people at that time.

  Geocentric Model
• an Egyptian astronomer, mathematician, and geographer supported and introduced the geocentric model in the 6th Century.

  Aristotle and Claudius Ptolemy
• which for the planets and the stars meant they orbited around the Earth at a uniform speed.

  natural motion
• It proved the idea that the sun is the center of the solar system

  Heliocentric Model
• the Earth is the center of the universe and it is stationary; the planets, the Sun, and the stars revolve around the Earth

  Geocentric Model
• a mathematician and an astronomer was the first to explain the observed looping (retrograde) motion of planets, by replacing a geocentric model of the Universe with a heliocentric model.

  Nicolaus Copernicus
• simply a perspective effect caused when Earth passes a slower moving outer planet that makes the planet appear to be moving backwards relative to the background stars.

  Retrograde motion
• The process by which organisms change over time as a results of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits.

  Evolution
• Evolution that only has small changes such as animal breeds

  Microevolution
• Evolution that has big changes such as the ecosystem food chain

  Macroevolution
• The theory is sometimes described as "survival of the fittest,“

  Natural Selection
• states that evolution happens by natural selection.

  Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution
• "It is not the strongest the species that survive nor the most intelligent but the one most responsive to change." a quote by?

  Charles Darwin
• a father of psychoanalysis and one of the 20th century’s most influential thinkers, developed the idea of psychoanalysis that helped in understanding human behavior, especially neurological conditions.

  Sigmund Freud
• believed that mental illness is a result of nurture, not nature

  Sigmund Freud
• The human mind has 3 aspects which influence behavior:

  Id, Ego, Superego
• This is the instincts (human mind has 3 aspects which influence behavior)

  Id
• This is the reality (human mind has 3 aspects which influence behavior)

  Ego
• This is the morality (human mind has 3 aspects which influence behavior)

  Superego
• made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires. It is the only part of the personality that is present at birth and that this primitive component of personality existed wholly within the unconscious.

  Id
• the conscious part of the mind (Rational Self). Decides what action to take for positive means and what to do based on what is believed is the right thing to do. Aware of reality.

  ego
• composed of people’s internalized ideals acquired from parents and society.

  SUPEREGO
• works to suppress the urges of the ID and tries to make EGO behave morally, rather than realistically.

  superego
• Accompanied the history of mankind and began as early as 3000 BC with Sumerian Pictographs.

  Information Revolution
• Triggers profound changes both in the way of lives and in a way perceive self as human beings.

  Information Revolution
• invention on printing press

  1455, Johannes Gutenberg
• Early 1830s, he worked on Analytical Engine

  Charles Babbage
• refining the concept of algorithms and computation using Turing Machine. Contributed the Turing test concerning the possibility of developing conscious and thinking machine in Artificial Intelligence during World War II

  Alan Turing
• Located in region and cultural area in the Americas

  Mesoamerican Civilization
• beans, corns, & squash (triad of products known as the ?

  three sisters
• This is an important crop because used as trade currency and in rituals during Mesoamerican Civilization.

  Cacao
• used for making culturally significant products like textile (vibrant colors) and rubber balls (used in performance games) due to ritual significance during Mesoamerican Civilization.

  Cotton plant & rubber trees
• plots of mud and soil placed on top layers of thick water vegetation

  chinampas
• Asia bore two of the world’s great early civilizations: From ?

  India & China.