the end of reforms

• many students went abroad for studying e.g., Switzerland which held a conservative political sway over the youth. Bakunin in Switzerland says the regime in Russia should be overthrown with violence.
• in 1862 Fathers and Sons featuring a 'nihilist' man 'who does not bow before any authorities'
• in April 1866 Karakozov joined a group called 'hell' at Moscow Uni. He shot at the Tsar but missed and was killed.
• The Narodnik's in 1870s went into the countryside and decided to share their lives with the peasants to win respect and rouse them into action. The police reacted with waves of arrests. However the peasants did not react well as they were loyal to the Tsar
• Land and Liberty freed Kropoktin from prison in 1876 and began a revolutionary demonstration outside a cathedral
• The Tsar's prisons were so full that Alexander had to build new facilities, many had to wait 4 years on trial. As many as 15,000 travelled to Siberia in exile.
• the 1877 'trial of 50' and 'trial of 193'. 'trial of 50' was open to the public and the 'trial of 193' had gone to the people, the trial was secret, 90 acquitted and 28 sentenced to hard labour
• Land and liberty after the head of the third section was assassinated split into: those wanting to continue terrorist campaign (the people's will) and those who wanted to win over the workers (black repartion)
• in 1881 the Tsar was killed by the people's will. the first bomb killed a Cossack guard, Alexander stepped out of the carriage to help and was killed in the second.
• After the creation of the Zmestva, many turned to the populist movement in 1874. After this failed they turned to revolutionary terror
• Some peasants did come out better e.g., Kulaks, a richer class which emerged and became private owners
• The peasant riots were not unified due to lack of Railway and size of Russia
• of the Narodnik's 1500 were arrested
• a poor harvest in 1879 led to famine in 1880. some arrests if riots weakened the black repartion group in 1880
• 1826-61 50,000 sent to Siberia
• 1901 3900 exiles in Siberia
• work in third section increased
• 1881 Okhrana established