2.1 Theories on religion

• Weber: Substantive definitions defines religion as belief in supernatural power
• Criticism of substantive definitions suggest there is a bias towards western religions
• Durkheim (1915) defines religion in terms of its contribution to social integration rather than belief in the supernatural
• Yinger (1970) Religion perform functions such as answering 'ultimate questions' e.g. meaning of life
• Constructionist definitions have an interpretivist approach to religion. Not possible to produce a single universal definition of religion
• Aldridge (2013) For its followers scientology is a religion. However several governments deny its legal status
• Durkheim believes in a distinction between sacred and profane is found in all religions. Society is only able to decide what is sacred so people worship society when worshipping symbols.
• Totemism - Clan members worship their totemic animals which inspires feelings of awe. Totems represent the power of the group the individual is 'dependent on'
• Collective Conscience is the shared norms and values that makes cooperation possible between individuals
• Durkheim's view on religion

  Unites individuals into a collective consciousness, provides social cohesion, explains uncontrollable forces, and fosters moral regulation