Carbohydrates

• What are monosaccharides?


  Monosaccharides are monomers, which are single sugars.
• How are monosaccharides named?

  They are named according to the number of carbon atoms within the molecule.
• What elements do all carbohydrates contain?

  All carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

  The general formula for monosaccharides is $(CH_2O)_m$ or $C_n(H_2O)_n$ or $C_nH_{2n}O_n$.
• What are structural isomers?

  Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of their atoms.
• Which monosaccharides have the same molecular formula of $C_6H_{12}O_6$?


  Glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same molecular formula of $C_6H_{12}O_6$.
• Why are ribose and deoxyribose not considered structural isomers?

  Ribose and deoxyribose have the same structural formula but different molecular formulas.
• What is the difference between alpha and beta isomers of monosaccharides?

  The only difference is the position of the hydroxyl (OH) group on the carbon atom.
• What are disaccharides made up of?

  Disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharide units.
• How are disaccharides formed?

  Disaccharides are formed by a condensation reaction from the OH groups on two monosaccharides.
• What is the bond that holds two monosaccharides together in a disaccharide called?

  The bond is called a glycosidic bond.
• How can a glycosidic bond be broken?

  A glycosidic bond can be broken by the chemical insertion of water in a hydrolysis reaction.
• What determines the name of the glycosidic bond?

  The name of the bond depends on whether it lies above or below the carbon atom and the number of the carbon atoms involved.
• What are the two important disaccharides that need to be recognized?

  Lactose and sucrose are two important disaccharides.
• How is maltose formed?

  Maltose is formed by a condensation reaction of two glucose units.
• How is sucrose formed?

  Sucrose is formed by a condensation reaction of glucose and fructose.
• How is lactose formed?

  Lactose is formed by a condensation reaction of galactose and glucose.
• What are the key differences between alpha and beta forms of glucose and galactose?

  • Alpha form: OH group below the carbon atom
  • Beta form: OH group above the carbon atom
• What are the steps involved in the formation of disaccharides?

  1. Two monosaccharides react.
  2. OH groups from each monosaccharide participate.
  3. A condensation reaction occurs, releasing water.
  4. A glycosidic bond forms between the monosaccharides.
• What are carbohydrates classified as in our diet?

  Carbohydrates are classified as one of the three main macronutrients, alongside proteins and fats.
• What is the basic formula for a carbohydrate?


  The basic formula for a carbohydrate is $(\text{CH}_2\text{O})_n$, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
• What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

  The primary function of carbohydrates is to provide energy.
• What are the two main types of carbohydrates?

  The two main types of carbohydrates are simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.
• What are the characteristics of simple carbohydrates?

  - Made up of one (monosaccharides) or two (disaccharides) sugar molecules - Examples: glucose, fructose (monosaccharides); sucrose, lactose (disaccharides) - Quickly absorbed by the body, providing rapid energy
• What are the characteristics of complex carbohydrates?


  - Made up of long chains of sugar molecules (polysaccharides) - Examples: starch, fiber - Take longer to digest, providing sustained energy
• What is the difference in digestion rate between simple and complex carbohydrates?


  Simple carbohydrates are digested quickly, while complex carbohydrates take longer to digest.
• How do carbohydrates help regulate blood glucose levels?

  Carbohydrates help regulate blood glucose levels, which is essential for brain function and overall health.
• What role do carbohydrates play in protein sparing?

  When sufficient carbohydrates are available, the body doesn't need to break down proteins for energy, allowing proteins to perform their other vital functions.
• What is a key function of dietary fiber, a type of complex carbohydrate?

  Dietary fiber aids in digestion, promotes bowel health, and can help lower cholesterol levels.
• How are excess carbohydrates stored in the body?

  Excess carbohydrates can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles for later use.
• What are common sources of simple carbohydrates?

  - Fruits (e.g., apples, bananas, berries) - Some vegetables (e.g., carrots, beets) - Milk and yogurt (contain lactose) - Table sugar, honey, syrup - Sweets and sugary drinks
• What are common sources of complex carbohydrates?

  - Whole grains (e.g., brown rice, whole wheat bread, oats) - Starchy vegetables (e.g., potatoes, corn, peas) - Legumes (e.g., beans, lentils) - Nuts and seeds