Intellectual REvolutions tat

• Science is as old as the world itself.

  Science has always been INTERWOVEN with the society.
• Trepanation


  making an opening like a small round hole in the head
• Thousan-year old agricultural practice:

  China's solution to sustainable farming
• Mummification


  is a process of preserving a deceased human.
• Why do Egyptians mummify the dead?

  becaude they belive that the soul left their body. The soul would then return and be reunited with the body after it was buried. However, the soul needed to be able to find and recognise the body in order to live forever.
• How can science be defined?

  1. science as an idea
  2. science as an intellectual activity
  3. science as a body of knowledge
  4. science as a personal and social activity
• Science as an idea

  It includes ideas, theories and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.
• Science as an intellectual activity.

  The study involves systematic observations and experimentations.
• Science as a body of knowledge

  It is a subject or a discipline or a field of study, it deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. (school science)
• Science as a personal social activity


  This explains that science is both knowledge and activities by humans to develop better understanding of the world around them.
• Noble ideas, later known as philosophy


  provides possible explanation to certain phenomena
• People used religion to?

  Rationalize the origin of life
• Where did the scientfic revolution start?

  In Europe
• Scientific Revolution refers to?

  historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe between 1550-1700
• Religion vs Scientific Revolution

  Some rulers and religious leaders did not accept many of the early works of scientists.- Scientific individuals were sentenced to death suffered condemnation from religious institutions.-These did not stop scientists to satisfy their curiosity of the natural and physical world.
• Nicholaus Copernicus

  • developed heliocentrism
  • positioned the sun near the center of the universe, motionless with Earth and other planets orbiting around it in circular paths.
• Copernican model was banned and ignored in?


  Rome (16th century)
• Charles Darwin

  • Theory of Evolution by means of Natural Selection.
  • camfe from a line of wealthy family
  • Publoshed the origin of species.
  • Challenged religious and unscientific ideas
• Sigmund Freud

  • Famous figure in the field of psychology
  • Developed Method of Psychoanalysis that is a scientifci way to study human mind and neurotic illness
  • This method was unorthodox focuses on human sexuality and the evil nature of man.
• Human sexuality


  the way people experience and express themselves sexually. This involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors
• Cradles of Early Science in Mesoamerica:

  Maya civilization

  inca civilization

  Aztec civilization
• Maya civilization

  Lasted for about 2,000 years

  Well-known for their works in Astronomy understanding celestial bodies, predicting eclipse & the use of astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.

  Weave cloth, & first people to produce rubber products around 3,000 years.-one of the world’s first civilization to use a writing, the Mayan hieroglyphics.-skilled in Mathematics, and developed number systems based on numeral 20.
• Inca civilization:

  1438 - 1533

  Stone buildings

  Irrigation system

  Calendar with 12 months

  First suspension bridge

  Quipu (knotted ropes)

  Inca textiles
• Aztec civilization

  • a mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.
• Contributions of Aztec civilization:

  • Mandatory education
  • Chocolates
  • Antipasmodic medication
  • Chinampa
  • Aztec calendar
  • Invention of canoe
• Development of science in India

  • known for their mathematics
• Rules of Brahmagupta

  the rules of governing zero appeared for the first time in Brahmagupta's book BRAHMASPUTHA SIDDHANTA (The opening of the universe), written in 628 AD
• What does brahmasputha siddhanta consider?

  Here brahmagupta not only considers zero, but negative numbers anf the algebraic rules for the elementarry operations of arithmetic with such numbers.
• China

  Substantial contributions:

  medicine

  astronomy

  Science and mathematics

  art and philosphy

  Music and among others

  ACUPUNCTURE
• CHINESE INVENTIONS

  ACUPUNCTURE AND SEISMOGRAPH
• MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES


  predominantly occupied by the Muslims
• the period of muslimc scholarship or the Golden age of islam lasted until?

  13th century
• muslims place greater value on?

  Science experiments rather than Plain Thought experiments
• Ibn al-Haytham

  Father of Optics

  Intromission theory of light
• Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Kwharizmi

  Mathematics

  The concept of algorithm

  Algebra derived from al-jabar (The beginning title of one of his creations)
• Ibn Sina


  Pionereed the sciene of experimental medicine

  Discovery of contagious diseases & introduction of Clinical Pharmacology
• Jabir Ibn Hayyan


  Father of Chemistry

  foundation of modern chemistry
• Development of scince in Africa

  Astronomy

  Mathematics

  Medicine

  Alchemy
• Lebombo bone

  oldest known calendar-a babboon fibria with 29 notches. A 29-30 day lunar calendar and is extremely old and is found all over the ancient world. for birth control possibly.
• Egyptians are good in

  4 fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical skills

  Have basic knowledge in algebra and trigonometry