Computer science

• What do transistors in computer processors act as?

  Switches
• How many states do transistors have?

  Two states
• What do the two states of transistors represent?

  1 (on) and 0 (off)
• What are the binary units of measurement?

  • Bit
  • Byte
  • Kilobyte
  • Megabyte
  • Gigabyte
  • Terabyte
• How many bits are in a byte?

  8 bits
• How many patterns can be represented by 4 bits?

  16 patterns
• How many bytes are in a kilobyte?

  1024 bytes
• How many kilobytes are in a megabyte?

  1024 kilobytes
• How many megabytes are in a gigabyte?

  1024 megabytes
• How many gigabytes are in a terabyte?

  1024 gigabytes
• What are the rules for binary addition?

  • 0 + 0 = 0
  • 0 + 1 = 1
  • 1 + 0 = 1
  • 1 + 1 = 0 with a carry of 1
• What is the purpose of logical shifts in binary operations?

  To multiply or divide unsigned numbers
• How are spaces filled in logical shifts?

  With zeros
• How are spaces filled in arithmetic shifts when dividing?

  With copies of the most significant bit (MSB)
• What are the expressions for calculating file sizes?

  • Image file size = Width x Height x Colour Bit Depth
  • Sound file size = Sample Rate x Sample Resolution x Seconds
  • Text file size = Number of characters and spaces x number of bits
• How many bits does hexadecimal use to represent values?

  6 bits
• What does the most significant bit in a two's complement number represent?

  The sign of the number
• What are the principles of the Data Protection Act?

  • Lawfulness, fairness, and transparency
  • Purpose limitation
  • Data minimization
  • Accuracy
  • Storage limitation
  • Security
  • Accountability
• What must organizations do under the Data Protection Act?

  Have a legitimate reason for processing a person's data
• What is the consequence of a short replacement cycle for devices?

  It adds to the problem of e-waste
• What are the benefits of responsible recycling?

  • Reduces potential for chemical leakage
  • Recovers valuable metals
  • Reduces need for mining
  • Enables recycling of plastic cases
• What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

  AI is the general term for artificial intelligence.
• What is machine learning?

  A subset of AI that learns by looking for rules and patterns in real-time data.
• What is narrow AI designed to do?

  Perform single tasks or a very narrow range of tasks.
• What are the types of malware?

  • Virus
  • Trojan
  • Spyware
  • Adware
  • Phishing
• What is a virus in the context of malware?

  A malicious program that can delete data or change the way a device performs.
• What is spyware?

  A program used to spy on the activity of a user on their device.
• What is phishing?

  A fake email that tricks users into giving up personal data or payment information.
• What is the purpose of an Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)?

  • Collection of rules and procedures for users
  • Defines appropriate and inappropriate behavior
  • States consequences for rule violations
• What is e-waste?

  Electronic devices that are thrown away and not recycled.
• What is the purpose of backups?

  To store a copy of data away from the original.
• What is the role of patents?

  To protect new inventions and intellectual property.
• What does GDPR stand for?

  General Data Protection Regulation
• What is the Computer Misuse Act?

  A law that makes unauthorized access to an ICT system illegal.
• What are the differences between open-source software and proprietary software?


  Open-Source Software:

  • Users have access to source code
  • Can modify and distribute the software
  • Most is free to use

  
  

  Proprietary Software:

  • Users cannot access the source code
  • Must pay for a license
  • Supported by a dedicated team of developers
• What are the characteristics of high-level languages compared to low-level languages?

  High-Level Languages:

  • Easier to read and understand
  • Must be translated into machine code
  • Work across different machines

  
  

  Low-Level Languages:

  • Closer to machine code
  • More difficult to read and understand
  • Specific to a particular machine
• What is illegal regarding access to an ICT system?

  Accessing an ICT system or creating, supplying, or obtaining material used to commit another crime is illegal.
• What are the potential penalties for illegal access to an ICT system?

  Up to 5 years in prison and unlimited fine.
• What are the main differences between Open-Source Software and Proprietary Software?

  Open-Source Software:

  • Users have access to source code.
  • Users can modify and distribute the software.
  • Support through a community.
  • Most is free to use.
  • May not be free from bugs.
  • May need specialist software to install.

  
  

  Proprietary Software:

  • Thoroughly tested by developers.
  • Supported by a dedicated team of developers.
  • Patches are released to fix vulnerabilities.
  • Support from third parties (e.g., books).
  • Users cannot access the source code.
  • Users do not have permission to modify the software.
  • Users must pay for a license.
• What are the characteristics of High-Level Languages compared to Low-Level Languages?


  High-Level Languages:

  • One instruction can represent many machine code instructions.
  • The same code works for many different machines and CPUs.
  • Code is easy to read, understand, and modify.
  • Must be translated into machine code before execution.

  
  

  Low-Level Languages:

  • One instruction usually represents one machine code instruction.
  • Usually written for one type of machine or CPU.
  • Code is very difficult to read, understand, and modify.
  • Commands in machine code can be executed directly without a translator.