Mrs Wilkes

• Define an isotope

  Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
• Formula for number of electrons each shell can hold

  2n squared
• Define an orbital

  An area that can hold up to two electrons with opposing spins.
• 1st shell orbital (n=1)

  S orbital

  sphere shape

  can hold up to 2 e-

  s sub shell can hold up to 2e-
• 2nd shell (n=2)

  P orbital

  dumbell shape

  can each hold 2e-

  p sub shell can hold up to 6e-
• 3rd shell (n=3)

  D orbitals

  can each hold 2e-

  d sub shell can hold up to 10e-
• 4th shell (n=4)

  F orbitals

  can each hold 2e-

  f sub shell can hold up to 14e-
• Relative mass of an electron

  1/1836
• Define ionic bonding

  Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• Melting and boiling points of ionic bonding

  High - large amounts of energy are needed to break the electrostatic forces between the ions.
• Solubility of ionic bonding

  Soluble in water - both ionic compounds and water molecules are polar. The partial charges of water break apart the ionic lattice.
• Conductivity of Ionic bonding

  Delocalised electrons are free to move and carry charge
• Why does Ionic bonding shatter easily

  Layers can slip over each other when force is applied to the structure. When they slip similar charges can be next to each other which results in repulsion shattering the structure.
• Define covalent bonding

  A bond formed from a shared pair of electrons with an equal attraction to each nuclei
• What is Dative covalent bonding

  A shared pair of electrons where both electrons have been provided by one of the bonding atoms only
• Melting and boiling points of giant covalent compounds

  Very high as many strong bonds must be broken requiring lots of energy
• Solubility of giant covalent compounds

  Insoluble - The attractions between the atoms in the structure and water are not strong enough to overcome the covalent bonding.
• conductivity of giant covalent compounds

  Cannot conduct electricity as electrons cannot move and carry charge. (graphite can as it has delocalised electrons)
• Melting and boiling points of simple covalent compounds

  low as intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules are weak and easy to overcome requiring very little energy.
• solubility of simple covalent compounds

  Insoluble - as they are not polar whereas water is meaning they will not dissolve
• Conductivity of simple covalent compounds

  Cannot conduct electricity as they have no delocalised electrons to flow or carry charge
• Define metallic bonding

  The electrostatic attraction between positive meatal ions and delocalised electrons. positive ions are surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons.
• Melting and boiling points of metallic bonding

  High - although the electrons are free to move the ions remain in position this means there is constantly a strong electrostatic attraction between the ions which requires a large amount of energy to overcome.
• Conductivity of metallic bonding

  Can conduct electricity even in solid state as the delocalised electrons are free to move through out the structure
• why is metallic bonding Malleable and ductile?

  The delocalised electrons can move allowing the positive ions a degree of give allowing atoms or layers to slide over one another.
• Trigonal planar

  120 degrees

  3 bonded pairs


  What shape is this

  
• Octahedral

  90 degrees

  6 bonded pairs


  What shape is this?

  
• Linear

  180 degrees

  2 bonded regions


  What shape is this?

  
• Tetrahedral

  109.5 degrees

  4 bonded pairs


  What shape is this?

  
• Pyramidal

  107 degrees

  3 bonded pairs

  1 lone pair


  What shape is this?

  
• Angular

  104.5

  2 bonded pairs

  2 lone pairs


  What shape is this?

  
• Trigonal bipyramidal

  90 and 120 degrees

  5 bonded pairs


  What shape is this?

  
• Pentagonal bipyramidal

  90 and 72 degrees

  7 bonded pairs

  What shape is this?