Psychology- social psychology

• What is the main focus of Asch's research?

  Conformity
• What are the variables affecting conformity according to Asch?

  • Group Size
  • Unanimity
  • Difficulty of Task
• What are the three types of conformity?


  • Internalisation
  • Identification
  • Compliance
• What are the two main explanations of conformity?

  • Informational Social Influence
  • Normative Social Influence
• Who conducted research on conformity to social roles?

  Zimbardo
• What are the three explanations of obedience according to Milgram?

  Agentic Shift, Legitimacy of Authority, Situational Variables
• What are the situational variables affecting obedience?

  • Proximity
  • Location
  • Uniform
• What dispositional explanation is associated with obedience?

  Authoritarian Personality
• What are the explanations for resisting conformity and obedience?

  • Social Support
  • Locus of Control
• What is the focus of minority influence research?

  Factors associated with minority influence
• What are the factors associated with minority influence?

  • Consistency
  • Commitment
  • Flexibility
• What role do social influence processes play in social change?

  • They help to shift societal norms and behaviors over time.
• Who is associated with the concept of informational social influence?

  Asch
• What is conformity?


  A change in belief or behavior to fit in with a group
• What does informational social influence involve?


  Accepting information from others as evidence about reality
• When is informational social influence more likely to occur?


  In ambiguous situations or when others are experts
• What is the outcome of informational social influence?

  It leads to internalisation of beliefs and behaviors
• What did Jenness's study demonstrate about informational social influence?


  Participants changed their estimates to align with group estimates in ambiguous situations
• What is a limitation of Jenness's bean counting study?

  It may lack ecological validity due to its artificial task
• How did Fein et al.'s research relate to informational social influence?

  It showed how judgments can be influenced by knowledge of others' reactions
• What is normative social influence?

  The desire to be liked and accepted by a group
• How does normative social influence affect private opinions?

  It affects public opinions but not likely private opinions
• What did Asch's study reveal about normative social influence?

  Participants conformed to avoid social embarrassment
• How did Goldstein's research demonstrate normative social influence?

  It showed that normative messages can effectively change behavior
• What did Nolan et al.'s research find about people's awareness of normative social influence?

  People underestimated the impact of neighbors on their energy conservation behavior
• What are the three types of conformity and their characteristics?

  1. Compliance

  • Superficial conformity for approval
  • No change in underlying attitude

  1. Identification

  • Deeper conformity for group association
  • Temporary acceptance of group attitudes

  1. Internalisation

  • Deepest level of conformity
  • Permanent acceptance of group beliefs

  
• What is the difference between compliance and internalisation?

  Compliance is superficial and does not change underlying attitudes, while internalisation is deep and leads to permanent change
• What did Kelman's research support regarding types of conformity?

  It supported the classification of compliance, identification, and internalisation
• What is ingratiational conformity?

  Conforming to social norms to gain approval and social rewards
• What was the procedure of Asch's 1956 study?


  Participants were asked to identify which of three lines matched a standard line in a group setting
• What were the findings of Asch's study regarding conformity rates?

  Participants conformed to the majority's wrong answer 32% of the time
• What did Asch discover about participants' private beliefs after the study?

  Many participants privately trusted their own perceptions but conformed publicly
• What is a strength of Asch's study?

  It had high internal validity due to controlled conditions
• What is a limitation of Asch's study regarding ecological validity?

  The task was artificial and may not reflect real-life conformity
• How does the historical context of Asch's study affect its validity?

  It may lack temporal validity due to societal attitudes at the time
• What did Bond and Smith's meta-analysis reveal about conformity across cultures?

  Conformity levels vary significantly across different cultures
• What variables did Asch manipulate in his study?

  • Unanimity
  • Group Size
  • Difficulty of Task
• How did unanimity affect conformity in Asch's study?

  Conformity levels dropped significantly when participants had support from others giving correct answers
• What did Allen and Levine's research show about social support?

  Conformity depends on the characteristics of the supporter
• How does task difficulty influence conformity?

  Conformity is more likely when the task is difficult