Principles of Laboratory Testing (Exam)

• What is the course code for the Principles of Medical Technology Practice 1?

  MT 631
• Who is the lecturer for the course Principles of Medical Technology Practice 1?

  Prof. Jude Anthony Trinidad RMT, MSMT
• What are the main topics outlined in the Principles of Laboratory Testing course?

  • Specimen Collection and Handling (Pre-Analytical)
  • Analytical Techniques
  • Quality Control and Assurance
  • Recording and Release of Laboratory Results (Post-Analytical)
• What are the three phases of laboratory testing?

  Pre-analytical phase, Analytical phase, Post-analytical phase
• What occurs during the pre-analytical phase of laboratory testing?

  Patient preparation, paperwork and data entry, specimen collection, processing, storage, and transportation
• Who are the responsible personnel during the pre-analytical phase?

  Phlebotomist and laboratory technician
• What are the steps involved in the pre-analytical phase?

  1. Test ordering
  2. Specimen collection
  3. Transporting the specimen to the laboratory
  4. Entering patient information
  5. Centrifugation
  6. Separating and aliquoting plasma
  7. Delivery to proper laboratory location
• What is essential for correct sample collection?

  Correct patient identification and sample labeling
• Why is correct phlebotomy technique important?

  It ensures accurate and reliable specimen collection
• What factors must be considered for correct sample volume?

  Taking into account the patient’s hematocrit
• What is the significance of using the correct sample collection tube?

  It prevents contamination and ensures accurate test results
• What are the common pre-analytical errors that can occur before specimen collection?

  1. Incorrect test ordered
  2. Inadequate patient preparation
  3. Misidentification of patient
• What are the common pre-analytical errors that can occur during specimen collection?

  1. Wrong container/wrong additive
  2. Short draws/wrong anticoagulant/blood ratio
  3. Hemoconcentration from prolonged tourniquet time
  4. Hemolysis due to incorrect technique
• What are the common pre-analytical errors that can occur after specimen collection?

  1. Inadequate mixing/clots
  2. Mislabeling of specimen
  3. Improper transport to lab
  4. Processing error
• What is the definition of STAT specimens?

  Specimens that are collected and analyzed immediately
• How does cortisol vary throughout the day?

  Cortisol peaks at 4-6 AM and is lowest at 8 PM - 12 AM
• What is the effect of stress on cortisol levels?

  Increased cortisol levels
• What are some tests affected by diurnal variation, posture, and stress?

  • Cortisol
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • Plasma renin activity
  • Aldosterone
  • Insulin
  • Growth hormone
  • Acid phosphatase
  • Thyroxine
  • Prolactin
  • Iron
  • Calcium
• What is the purpose of pneumatic tube transport systems in laboratories?

  To transport specimens to the laboratory
• What are some reasons for specimen rejection?

  • Hemolysis/Lipemia
  • Improper transport conditions
  • Clots present in an anticoagulated specimen
  • Discrepancies between requisition and specimen label
  • Nonfasting specimen when fasting is required
  • Unlabeled or mislabeled specimen
  • Improper blood collection
  • Contaminated specimen/leaking container
  • Short draws, wrong volume
• What is the analytical phase of laboratory testing?

  The actual laboratory testing or diagnostic procedures, processes, and products
• Who are the responsible personnel during the analytical phase?

  • Medical technologist
  • Medical lab scientist
• What does a spectrophotometer measure?

  Transmitted light by the analyte in solution
• What are the components of a spectrophotometer?

  • Light source
  • Entrance slit
  • Monochromator
  • Exit slit
  • Cuvette/Sample Cell
  • Photodetector
  • Readout device
• What is nephelometry?

  Measurement of light scattered by a particulate solution
• What is turbidimetry?

  Measures light blocked as a decrease in the light transmitted through the solution
• What does flow cytometry measure?

  Multiple properties of cells suspended in a moving fluid medium
• What are the core components of flow cytometry?

  • Laser light source
  • Multiple detectors for scattered light and fluorescent light
• How does flow cytometry differentiate white blood cells?

  By analyzing light patterns produced as cells pass through a laser beam
• What is chromatography used for?

  • Separation of solutes in a sample for identification
  • Based on physical differences allowing differential distribution between mobile and stationary phases
• What is the mobile phase in chromatography?

  An inert gas or a liquid
• What is the stationary phase in chromatography?

  Silica gel or a polymer that is coated or bonded within a column
• What are the types of chromatography mentioned?

  • Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
  • Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC)
  • High-Performance Chromatography
• What is mass spectrometry used for?

  Identifying drugs, drug metabolites, amino acid composition of proteins, and steroids
• What principle does refractometry rely on?

  Light refraction when passing from one medium to another
• What is osmolality?

  The measurement of the osmolality of an aqueous solution such as serum, plasma, or urine
• What properties are affected by adding osmotically active particles to a solution?

  • Osmotic pressure
  • Boiling point
  • Freezing point
  • Vapor pressure
• What does potentiometry measure?

  The potential (voltage) between two electrodes in a solution
• What does coulometry measure?

  The quantity of electricity needed to convert an analyte to a different oxidation state
• What is voltammetry?

  A method in which a potential is applied to an electrochemical cell and the resulting current is measured