LIB state

• Liberals believe in a limited state with checks and balances from the constitution, rule of law (which ensures foundational equality), and controlled by a representative democracy - Locke's principal of government by consent
• The state should reduce conflict between individuals and groups and is necessary for order but can be evil and restrict personal freedoms
• The state should promote tolerance, meritocracy and democracy
• Classical - believe in a minimal state
• Minimal state - handles property rights, protection of borders, no interference with economic activity except to regulate monopoly power, ensures a domestic law and order
• Classical - representative democracy that privileged the interests of the elite by limiting the franchise to those with a high level of education (J.S. Mill) or property ownership
• Classical - Montesquieu, a separation of powers by government branches
• Classical - Locke's principal of the social contact
• Classical - J.S. Mill opposed a popular democracy for fear of tyranny of the majority
• Classical - Smith's policy of laissez faire economics
• Classical - Smiles against state intervention
• Modern - believed in Rawls' enabling state
• Enabling state - promotes equality of opportunity through education and reduction of the influence of inherited privilege, welfare state, promote social justice
• Modern - state-sanctioned positive freedoms funded by progressive taxation (Rawls)
• Modern - Keynesiasm said state intervention in the economy was necessary
• Modern - Beveridge report formed the first welfare state in the NHS
• Modern - Wollstonecraft believed in republicanism and opposed the Divine Right of Kings
• Modern - J.S. Mill later argued for state intervention to help attain developmental individualism
• Modern - Friedan believed the state was the vehicle with which to guarantee societal and economic equality for women