Cells

• Cell - the basic structural and functional unit
• Cell - basic unit of life
• Cell - Cellula & cella in Latin
• • Robert Hooke termed the cell in 1665 and has first seen cell walls in cork.
• Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek in 1674 coined the term “animalcules” because he saw different organelles in cells.
• Without understanding the cell, we won’t be able to understand how diseases work (pathology) and how to treat diseases (pharmacology).
• Prokaryote - Non-membrane bound nuclear region
• Prokaryote - Nucleoid
• Prokaryote - Absence of organelles
• Prokaryote - Generally unicellular (Bacteria)
• Eukaryote - Membrane bound nuclear region
• Eukaryote - Nucleus
• Eukaryote - Presence of organelles
• Eukaryote - Unicellular to multicellular (Plants, animals, & humans)
• Main Functions of the Cell

  1. Genetic Control
  2. Manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules
  3. Energy processing
  4. Structural support, movement, and communication between cells
• Anatomy of the Cell

  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Cytoplasm

  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes & Peroxisomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Centrioles
  • Cillia, flagella, and microvilli
• Nucleus - Separated by a nuclear envelope
• Nucleus - Responsible for genetic control
• Nucleus - DNA is packed into chromatin fibers with histone proteins
• Nucleus - Studded with of nuclear pores for transport of DNA
• Nuclear envelope has a double membrane with pores that allow selective exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
• Prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear envelope.
• Nucleus - Mainly to control
• Ribosomes - Composed of RNA and protein
• Ribosomes - Involved in protein synthesis.
• Ribosomes are the cellular components that use instructions from the nucleus, written in mRNA, to build proteins.
• Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large number of ribosomes. To have a lot of DNA, you need a lot of proteins.
• Some ribosomes are free ribosomes (Freely floating in cytoplasm); others are bound (Located in Rough ER).
• Cytoplasm - Region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
• Cytoplasm - Region where all of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur.
• Jelly-like substances are called cytosol.
• Endomembrane components are suspended in the cytosol.
• • The endomembrane system includes the:
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Plasma Membrane
• Endoplasmic Reticulum - Largest component of the endomembrane system
• Extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules
• Smooth ER - production of enzymes important in the synthesis of various lipids, fats, and store calcium ions.
• Rough ER - makes additional membrane for itself and secretory proteins; protein synthesis (Contains ribosomes)
• Golgi Apparatus - Serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER.
• Products travel in secretory vesicles from the ER to the Golgi Apparatus.
• One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving duck for the secretory vesicles produced by the ER.