3.4

• What did African-Americans continue to face despite the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act?

  Violence and discrimination
• Who led the March against Fear in June 1966?

  James Meredith
• What happened to James Meredith during the March against Fear?

  He was shot on the second day
• How did Martin Luther King Jr. and Stokely Carmichael's speeches differ during the March against Fear?

  MLK advocated for peaceful protest while Carmichael encouraged 'Black Power'
• Why did the Black Power Movement develop?

  Because progress in the civil rights movement was seen as painfully slow
• What was a common sentiment among young black Americans in the north during the 1960s?

  They felt frustrated due to poor job opportunities and living conditions
• How many major riots occurred in the United States from 1964 to 1968?

  329 major riots
• What did the Kerner Report identify as causes of the riots?

  Frustration at poor living conditions, failure of authorities, and police brutality
• Where did the largest riot occur in August 1965?

  Watts district of Los Angeles
• What sparked the Watts riot in 1965?

  The arrest of a man for drink-driving by police officers
• What was the outcome of the Watts riot after six days?

  34 people died, over 1,000 were injured, and nearly 4,000 were arrested
• What was the Nation of Islam's stance on integration?

  They openly sought separatism
• Who was the most famous member of the Nation of Islam?

  Malcolm X
• What was Malcolm X's view on violence?

  He felt it could be justified for self-defense
• What was Malcolm X's famous saying?

  ‘By Any Means Necessary’
• What did Malcolm X do to help black youths in ghettoes?

  He set up educational and social programs
• How did Malcolm X's views change after his visit to Mecca?

  He softened his attitude toward white people
• When was Malcolm X assassinated?

  February 1965
• What impact did Malcolm X have after his death?

  He inspired more radical groups like Black Power and the Black Panthers
• Who became the leader of SNCC in May 1966?

  Stokely Carmichael
• What were some of Stokely Carmichael's ideas influenced by Malcolm X?

  Rejecting white help and taking a more radical approach
• What year was the Black Panther Party founded?

  1966
• Who were the founders of the Black Panther Party?

  Bobby Seale and Huey Newton
• What was the Black Panther Party's approach to policing?

  They patrolled police officers to prevent abuse of African-Americans
• What were some of the positive contributions of the Black Panther Party?

  Organized medical clinics and ran breakfast clubs for children
• What was the public perception of the Black Panther Party?

  They were feared and received negative publicity
• What significant event occurred at the 1968 Mexico Olympics related to the Black Power movement?

  Tommie Smith and John Carlos gave the Black Power salute
• What did Tommie Smith and John Carlos wear during their protest at the Olympics?

  A single black glove and black beret
• What were the aims of the Chicago Freedom Movement announced by MLK in January 1966?

  Improving housing, education, and employment
• What was 'Operation Breadbasket' aimed at achieving?

  To pressure business leaders into employing more black people
• What campaign did MLK and SCLC launch in 1968?

  The Poor Peoples Campaign
• What were the aims of the Poor Peoples Campaign?

  Improved welfare, fair minimum wage, and education for poor adults
• What happened to MLK in April 1968?

  He was assassinated
• What was the outcome of the Poor Peoples Campaign after MLK's assassination?

  It was seen as a disaster and damaged the public image of the civil rights movement
• What actions did President Johnson take to reduce violence related to civil rights?

  Cut federal funding to schools resisting integration and encouraged bussing
• What was President Nixon's stance on civil rights compared to President Johnson?

  Nixon was less committed to civil rights than Johnson
• What was the Philadelphia Plan approved by Nixon?

  It set targets for building contractors to employ African-Americans
• By 1968, what percentage of Southern schools had been desegregated?


  60%
• By the end of 1974, what percentage of Southern schools had been desegregated?

  40%