3.1

• When did the sit-in at the Woolworth store in Greensboro take place?

  February 1st, 1960
• What did the four students from North Carolina A&T University do at the Woolworth store?

  They sat down at the "whites-only" lunch counter and ordered coffee.
• What was the response of the police when the students were denied service at the Woolworth store?

  No arrest could be made without provocation.
• How many students returned to the Woolworth store the day after the initial sit-in?

  25 students
• By February 4th, how many students were participating in the sit-ins?

  Over 300 students
• What was the impact of the sit-ins across the South?

  They spread to other towns, with over 70,000 people participating.
• What kind of abuse did the protesters suffer during the sit-ins?

  They were insulted, spat at, and had food/drink thrown at them.
• What was the strategy of the protesters regarding arrests?

  Protesters took jail not bail, choosing to go to jail rather than pay fines.
• Why were the sit-ins significant in the civil rights movement?

  • More visible than boycotts
  • Eisenhower was publicly sympathetic
  • First truly mass civil rights protest
  • Woolworths integrated in July 1960
  • By end of 1960, 120 towns had desegregated lunch counters
  • 810 towns by 1961
  • First protests with significant number of white protesters
  • Marked a change in tactics to more provocative methods
  • New civil rights organization SNCC created specifically for students
• What was the outcome of Browder v Gayle?

  It integrated state buses.
• What did the Supreme Court rule in Boynton v Virginia?

  Segregation of interstate transport and facilities was unconstitutional.
• What action did CORE plan in response to the Boynton v Virginia ruling?

  They planned 'freedom rides' to demonstrate that the ruling was not being followed.
• What happened to the Freedom Riders in Anniston, Alabama on May 14, 1961?

  A white mob attacked their bus with iron pipes and baseball bats.
• What did the mob do to the bus after attacking it?

  They slashed its tires and threw a firebomb through a broken window.
• How did the local police respond to the violence against the Freedom Riders in Montgomery?

  The local police allowed the beatings to go on uninterrupted.
• What did President Kennedy threaten to do in response to the violence against the Freedom Riders?

  He threatened to send US marshals to enforce desegregation.
• What was the result of Kennedy's threat regarding the Freedom Rides?

  States began to integrate bus facilities.
• What did James Meredith apply for in May 1961?

  A place at Mississippi University.
• What was the Supreme Court's ruling regarding Meredith's admission to Mississippi University?


  The Supreme Court ordered the University to admit him.
• How did the Governor of Mississippi respond to the Supreme Court's ruling on Meredith's admission?

  The Governor encouraged the legislature to pass a law denying admission to anyone with a criminal conviction.
• What happened on September 29, 1962, regarding James Meredith?

  Kennedy ordered those obstructing the law to stop and sent federal officials to escort Meredith.
• What was the outcome of the riot that occurred when Meredith attempted to register?

  Two people died and 300 were injured.
• How long was James Meredith guarded after he registered at Mississippi University?

  For the next year.
• What was the significance of James Meredith's registration at Mississippi University?

  It represented a major victory for civil rights and desegregation efforts.