cells

• What are the functions of life in biology?

  Metabolism, Reproduction, Sensitivity, Homeostasis, Excretion, Nutrition, Growth
• What is the cell theory?

  Cells are the smallest unit of life, come from preexisting cells, and all living things are made of cells.
• What are the basic components of every cell?

  • Genetic material
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
• What is an exception to the cell theory regarding skeletal muscle cells?

  Skeletal muscle cells have multiple nuclei per cell and no discrete membranes.
• What is an exception to the cell theory regarding giant algae?

  Giant algae lacks subdivision into separate cells.
• What is an exception to the cell theory regarding aseptate fungal hyphae?

  Aseptate fungal hyphae have nuclei that aren’t separated by membranes.
• What are single-celled organisms?


  • Organisms made up of one cell
  • Examples include Paramecium and Scenedesmus
• What are the characteristics of Paramecium?

  Paramecium is unicellular, motile, and heterotrophic.
• How does Paramecium maintain homeostasis?

  It uses a contractile vacuole to balance water.
• What role do cilia play in Paramecium?

  Cilia allow Paramecium to move, demonstrating sensitivity.
• How does Paramecium obtain food?

  Food is absorbed from the cytoplasm.
• How does Paramecium reproduce?

  The nucleus divides, allowing for reproduction.
• How does Paramecium obtain nutrition?

  It digests organisms for nutrition.
• Where do reactions take place in Paramecium?


  Reactions take place in the cytoplasm.
• How does Paramecium excrete waste?

  Excretion occurs through the cell membrane and diffusion.
• What are the characteristics of Scenedesmus?

  Scenedesmus is an autotroph that creates its own energy.
• How does Scenedesmus exchange gases and materials?

  It exchanges gases and materials via diffusion.
• What allows Scenedesmus to produce organic molecules?

  Chlorophyll pigments allow organic molecules to be produced via photosynthesis.
• How does Scenedesmus reproduce?

  It undergoes internal asexual division of the parent cell.
• How does Scenedesmus demonstrate sensitivity?

  Scenedesmus may exist as unicells or form colonies for protection.
• What are the categories of cells?

  • Prokaryotic
  • Eukaryotic
• What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic:

  • No nucleus
  • Circular DNA
  • 70s ribosomes
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • Binary fission

  
  

  Eukaryotic:

  • Nucleus present
  • Linear DNA
  • 80s ribosomes
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Mitosis/Meiosis
• What is the size of mitochondria?

  Mitochondria are 1-2 μm long and 0.1-0.5 μm wide.
• What type of DNA do mitochondria have?

  Mitochondria have circular DNA.
• What type of ribosomes do mitochondria have?

  Mitochondria have 70s ribosomes.
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  Mitochondria have a double membrane.
• What is the endosymbiotic theory?

  • Prokaryotic cells engulfed other prokaryotes to form eukaryotic cells
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotes
• What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?

  Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, are the same size as prokaryotes, divide by binary fission, and have double membranes.
• What are the purposes of organelles?

  • Mitochondria: Aerobic respiration - produce energy
  • Ribosomes/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein synthesis
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies/prepares vesicles to be sent out of the cell
  • Vesicles: Transport proteins in/out of a cell
  • Lysosomes: Breaks down toxins/unwanted molecules
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Storage and transport of lipids