Ch 5 digestive system

• ingestion

  food material taken into mouth
• digestion

  food is broken down mechanically and chemically

  travels through GI tract
• absorption

  passes into bloodstream through lining cells of small intestine

  • cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food
• elimination

  body eliminates solid waste materials that can't be absorbed in the bloodstream

  • large intestine concentrated feces
  • waste passes out of body through the anus
• what are the functions of the liver

  functions:

  1. helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
  2. manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting
  3. releases bilirubin, a pigment in bile
  4. removes toxins and poisons from blood
  5. produces bile
• what happens if bilirubin can't leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?

  hyperbilirubinemia
• what are the functions of the pancreas?

  functions:

  1. endocrine function = insulin into bloodstream to cells
  2. exocrine function = produce enzymes into duodenum for digestion
• which term is the first part of the large intestine?

  the cecum
• which term means swallowing

  deglutition
• what term means chewing

  masticating
• absorption

  passage of materials through the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream
• amylase

  enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch
• appendix

  blind pouch hanging from the cecum
• bile

  digestive juice made in the liver and stored in gallbladder

  • break up large fat globules
  • composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts
• bilirubin

  pigment released by the liver in bile
• canine teeth

  pointed dog like teeth next to the incisors also called cuspids or eyeteeth
• cecum

  first part of the large intestine
• colon

  consists of:

  1. ascending
  2. transverse
  3. descending
  4. sigmoid elements
• common bile duct

  carries bile from liver and gallbladder to duodenum
• defecation

  elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
• deglutition

  swallowing
• dentin

  primary material found in teeth covered by enamel in the crown and protective layer of cementum in the root
• duodenum

  first part of small intestine

  • 12 inches long
• emulsification

  physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller ones
• enamel

  hard and outermost layer of a tooth
• esophagus

  tube connecting throat to the stomach
• gallbladder

  small sac under the liver

  • stores bile
• glycogen

  starch

  • glucose is stored in this form in liver cells
• hydrochloric acid

  substance produced by the stomach for digestion
• ileum

  third part of the small intestine
• incisor

  one of the 4 front teeth in dental arch
• insulin

  hormone produced by endocrine cells in pancreas

  • transports sugar from blood into cells
  • stimulate glycogen formation by the liver
• jejunum

  second part of small intestine
• lipase

  pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats
• liver

  organ located in RUQ

  • secrete bile
  • stores sugar, iron, and vitamins
  • produce blood proteins
  • destroys worn out RBC's
  • filter toxins
  • weighs 2.5-3lbs
• lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

  ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach

  • cardiac sphincter
• mastication

  chewing
• molar teeth

  6th, 7th, 8th teeth from the middle on either side of dental arch
• palate

  roof of the mouth
• pancreas

  organ under the stomach produces insulin and enzymes