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• What is science defined as in the study material?

  Science is a body of knowledge.
• How is science described as an intellectual activity?

  Science is an intellectual activity based on facts gathered through observations, experiences, and experiments.
• What does it mean that science is a personal and social activity?

  It means that science involves both individual and collective efforts to understand and describe natural phenomena.
• What are the two main aspects of technology mentioned in the study material?

  Technology is described as artifacts and as a technique.
• How is technology defined in relation to scientific knowledge?

  Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life.
• What is the relationship between science and technology as described in the study material?

  Science explores for the purpose of knowing, while technology explores for the purpose of making something useful.
• How does scientific knowledge contribute to technology?

  Scientific knowledge is used to create new technologies.
• What is the significance of new technologies for scientists?

  New technologies allow scientists to explore nature in different ways and make new discoveries.
• What are the historical periods mentioned in the study material regarding the development of science and technology?

  • Ancient World
  • Classical Antiquity
  • Middle Ages
  • Modern Age
• What is the three-age system introduced in 1837?

  The three-age system classifies ancient ages into groups based on tool developmental stages.
• What does the term "Stone Age" refer to?

  The Stone Age refers to the prehistoric period when early humans primarily used stone tools.
• What characterized the Bronze Age?

  The Bronze Age was marked by the introduction of metals and the ability to make weapons and tools from metal.
• What is the process of smelting?

  Smelting is the process where metals are produced by extracting them from ores.
• What was the Iron Age known for?

  The Iron Age was known for the widespread use of iron and steel for tools and weapons.
• What significant change occurred during the Agricultural Revolution?

  The Agricultural Revolution marked the transition from foraging to agriculture, where people learned to plant crops and raise animals.
• What was the Ionian School of Philosophy known for?


  The Ionian School of Philosophy was known for studying the origins of the universe.
• What did Socrates emphasize in his teachings?

  Socrates emphasized caring for the soul over material possessions and highlighted incorrect thinking.
• What is a hypothesis according to Socrates?

  A hypothesis is an educated guess.
• What did Plato contribute to scientific research?

  Plato highlighted the importance of having proof in research and emphasized a clear hypothesis.
• What method did Aristotle initiate in scientific inquiry?

  Aristotle initiated the deductive method of scientific inquiry.
• What factors contributed to the decline of science and technology during the Middle Ages in Europe?

  Factors included diseases, poverty, wars, and the rise of Christianity.
• What was the Black Death?

  The Black Death was a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s.
• What significant inventions occurred during the Middle Ages?

  The invention of the mechanical clock and the use of watermills and windmills to generate electricity occurred during the Middle Ages.
• How did medieval Asia compare to the West in terms of development?

  Medieval Asia surpassed the West in the development of warfare, communication, and science.
• What was significant about Indian astronomy?

  Indian astronomy was influenced by Greek astronomy and devised a calendar based on religious rites and seasons.
• What is Ayurveda?

  Ayurveda is the documented system of medicine used by Indian people, combining plant and animal medicine.
• What was the contribution of Arab astronomy?

  Arab astronomy contradicted Ptolemy’s assumption about Earth's tilt and conceptualized the foundation of the Heliocentric Model.
• Who is Ibn Al-Haytham and what is he known for?

  Ibn Al-Haytham is known as the father of optics and discovered the mechanism of light.
• What characterized the Age of Exploration or Discovery?

  The Age of Exploration was characterized by European ships traveling new trading routes in search of goods and colonial empires.
• What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution?

  The Industrial Revolution transitioned to new manufacturing processes, replacing human and animal labor with machines.
• What advancements occurred during the Digital Revolution?


  The Digital Revolution marked the advent of technology and the "Information Age," characterized by innovations such as the internet and computers.
• What are the key periods of the Three-Age System?

  1. Stone Age
  2. Bronze Age
  3. Iron Age
• What is the significance of the Stone Age in human history?

  The Stone Age is the longest period in history, characterized by the use of stone tools.
• What are the three separate periods of the Stone Age?

  The three separate periods of the Stone Age are the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods.
• What characterized the Paleolithic Period?

  The Paleolithic Period was characterized by humans as food gatherers and the use of stone tools.
• What were the key features of the Lower Paleolithic Period?

  The Lower Paleolithic Period saw the evolution of hominin ancestors and the use of Acheulean tools.
• What was the significance of the Upper Paleolithic Period?

  The Upper Paleolithic Period was a time of great transition, with modern humans beginning to dominate the world.
• What defined the Mesolithic Period?

  The Mesolithic Period is characterized by the use of small chipped stone tools called microliths.
• What was the Neolithic Period known for?

  The Neolithic Period is known for the introduction of agriculture and animal domestication.
• What was the significance of the Bronze Age?

  The Bronze Age was the first period in which metal was regularly used for tools and weapons.