Introduction

• Anatomy -  study of the structure of the human body
• Gross Anatomy - is the examination of structures of the human that can be seen without a microscope.
• Microscopic Anatomy - the examination of structures of the human body with the aid of the microscope (histology).
• Surface anatomy - based on what you see with the naked eye.
• Regional anatomy - based on segments/regions of the body.
• 1. Systemic anatomy - the study of the anatomy of different organ systems, such as the respiratory or nervous system.
• Clinical/applied anatomy - the application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment.
• Virtual anatomy - uses technology.
• Cadaver dissection - the act of dismembering a dead human body in order to learn more about its anatomy. Also known as “first hand method”
• Microscopic studies - uses microscopes to study cells & tissues.
• Physiology: study of how living organisms work
• • Mechanist view – mechanism and causality
• Vitalism: “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”
• • Chemical level - involves interactions between atoms. Atoms combine to form molecules.
• • Cellular level the basic structural and functional units of plants and animals. Molecules combine to form organelles (little organs) or cells.
• Tissue level - composed of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. Cells combine to form tissues.
• Organ level - an organ is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions. Tissues combine to form organs.
• Organ System level - an organ system is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit. Organs combine to form an organ system.
• Organismal level - an organism is any living thing considered as whole - whether composed of one cell. It is a network of organ systems.
• Functional Organization

  The human body is organized into several major organ systems, each with specific functions essential for maintaining life:

  1. Integumentary system
  2. Skeletal system
  3. Muscular system
  4. Nervous system
  5. Endocrine system
  6. Cardiovascular system
  7. Lymphatic and immune system
  8. Respiratory system
  9. Digestive system
  10. Urinary system
  11. Reproductive system
• • Organization

  > Living organisms exhibit a complex and organized structure, from the cellular level to the whole organism.

  > Significance: homeostasis, development of disease
• • Metabolism

  > Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life, including catabolism (breaking down molecules) and anabolism (building up molecules).

  > Significance: energy, metabolic disorders
• • Responsiveness

  > Ability to sense and react to changes in the environment.

  > Significance: homeostasis, injury
• • Growth

  > Growth refers to an increase in size and complexity due to the production of new cells and extracellular materials.

  > Significance: development
• • Reproduction

  > Reproduction is the ability to produce new individual organisms, either sexually or asexually.

  > Significance: continuation of species, infertility
• • Adaptation

  > Ability to change over time in response to the environment

  > Significance: survival and reproduction
• • Homeostasis

  > Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  > Significance: life
• Homeostasis - is the state of balance or stability.
• Negative feedback: Response leads to a decrease in the magnitude of stimulation.
• Positive feedback: Response leads to an increase in the magnitude of stimulation.