Classification

• What is biological classification?

  The process of sorting living things into groups
• Why do we classify biological organisms?

  To make the study of living things more manageable
• What are the levels of the taxonomic hierarchy?

  1. Kingdom
  2. Phylum
  3. Class
  4. Order
  5. Family
  6. Genus
  7. Species
• What does the taxonomic hierarchy illustrate?

  The evolutionary relationship between species
• What are the three domains of life?

  1. Bacteria (Eubacteria) - most common
  2. Archaea (Archaebacteria) - rare & oldest found in extremes
  3. Eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, protoctists)
• What are the general features of Prokaryota?

  They are unicellular, have no membrane-bound organelles, and contain naked DNA.
• How do Prokaryota reproduce?

  They reproduce asexually through binary fission.
• What is the main characteristic of Protista?

  They are mainly unicellular and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
• What are the main types of Fungi?

  They include mushrooms and molds, which can form a body made of threads or hyphae.
• What is the main characteristic of Plantae?

  They are multicellular and contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
• How do plants obtain energy?

  They obtain energy through photosynthesis.
• What is the main characteristic of Animalia?

  They are multicellular and heterotrophic.
• How do animals move?

  They move using cilia, flagella, or muscular contractions.
• What are some examples of animals in the Animalia kingdom?

  Mammals, reptiles, birds, insects, sponges, and anemones.
• What is the role of glycogen in animals?

  Glycogen serves as a form of energy storage.
• How do the characteristics of Prokaryota differ from those of Eukaryota?

  Prokaryota are unicellular with no membrane-bound organelles, while Eukaryota can be unicellular or multicellular and have membrane-bound organelles.
• What is the significance of chloroplasts in Plantae?

  Chloroplasts are essential for photosynthesis, allowing plants to convert light energy into chemical energy.
• What type of organisms are included in the Fungi kingdom?

  Mushrooms and molds.
• What is the primary mode of nutrition for Fungi?

  Fungi are heterotrophic and absorb nutrients from their environment.
• How do the movement mechanisms of animals differ from those of Protista?

  Animals primarily use muscular contractions, while Protista may use cilia or flagella for movement.
• What is the cellular structure of Prokaryota?

  Prokaryota have a simple cellular structure without membrane-bound organelles.
• What is the function of the cell wall in Plantae?

  The cell wall provides structural support and protection to plant cells.
• How do the nutritional modes of Plantae and Animalia differ?

  Plantae are autotrophic, using photosynthesis, while Animalia are heterotrophic, obtaining nutrients from other organisms.
• What is the primary characteristic of Eukaryota?

  Eukaryota have membrane-bound organelles and a defined nucleus.
• What is the significance of the term "unicellular" in biology?

  Unicellular refers to organisms that consist of a single cell.
• What are the three domains of life?

  Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
• What are the main characteristics of Bacteria?

  • Contains peptidoglycan in cell walls
  • Cell walls contain fatty acid chains
  • Have 70S ribosomes
  • RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins
• What is a key component of the cell wall in Bacteria?

  Peptidoglycan
• What type of ribosomes do Bacteria have?

  70S ribosomes
• How many proteins does the RNA polymerase in Bacteria contain?

  5 proteins
• What are the main characteristics of Archaea?

  • Cell wall contains isoprene chains
  • No Archaea are pathogenic
  • Have 70S ribosomes
  • RNA polymerase contains 8-10 proteins
• What is a unique feature of the cell wall in Archaea?

  It contains isoprene chains
• Are Archaea pathogenic?

  No, Archaea are not pathogenic
• What are the main characteristics of Eukarya?

  • Have 80S ribosomes
  • RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins
• What type of ribosomes do Eukarya have?

  80S ribosomes
• How many proteins does the RNA polymerase in Eukarya contain?

  12 proteins
• Compare the RNA polymerase of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

  • Bacteria: 5 proteins
  • Archaea: 8-10 proteins
  • Eukarya: 12 proteins
• Compare the ribosomes of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

  • Bacteria: 70S ribosomes
  • Archaea: 70S ribosomes
  • Eukarya: 80S ribosomes
• What is a problem associated with using common names for organisms?

  It can cause confusion.
• Why might one name mean different things in different countries?

  Because common names can vary by region.