PAPER 1

• Clemenceau of France wanted to weaken Germany and prevent future invasion. Clemenceau was happy Germany's army due to the ToV was limited to 100,000 soldiers, no tanks, no airforce and the Rhineland was demilitarised.
• Clemenceau disagreed with David Lloyd George about the amount of reparations Germany had to pay and wanted to make Germany pay even more.

  David Lloyd George feared Germany paying too much reparations would damage future trade.
• Wilson was the most unhappy out of all the leaders since his 14 points were ignored and USA voted to not join the League of Nations, his points consisted of freedom of the seas, self determination and the League of Nations
• Streseman achieved economic recovery in the 1920's however it didn't last.

  Short term Streseman was able to end hyperinflation by the introduction of the new currency Rentenmark. He negotiated the DAWES plan with USA to invest in Germany's economy. He also negotiated the YOUNG plan to have more time to pay reparations. However this led Germany to be exposed to the Great Depression
• Long- term, Streseman was able to repair Germany's international reputation as a peaceful country.

  In 1924 Germany restarts paying reparations in which doing so the French left Germany the Rhur.

  In 1925 a new pact was made called the Locarno Pact which made Germany agree to the ToV boarders. For example France kept Alsace-Lorraine.

  In 1926 Germany joined the League of Nations
• • During the Great Depression there were 6 million unemployed Germans who vote for Hitler because he promised 'work and bread'
  • Hitler and Goebbels use propaganda ( fake news ) to take advantage of Hitlers speeches and set up recruitment offices in towns and cities. They were to scapegoat Jews and rip up the tov ( no longer live by its rules ).
  • Germans feared communism so hitler promised farmers businessmen and the religious that he will stop the communists. Though germans had no confidence chancellor Bruning and the weimar goverment could work together
• Germanys problems during the Great Depression led to more votes for Hitler

  • Hitler promised the unemployed "work and bread", he also promises farmers, businessmen and religious people that he would stop the communists.
  • By 1932 nazis were the biggest party in the Reichstag, President Hindenburg reluctantly appoints Hitler to be Chancellor in 1933. Hitlers was unable to now start to undermine the democracy.
• Hitlers actions in the short-term dismantle key parts of the Weimar democracy.

  • February 1933 the Reichstag fire. Hitler persuades Hindenburg to give him emergency powers with the Law for protection of the people and state to arrest communists.
  • March 1933 the Enabling act, Hitler is able to ban all the other political parties and introduce the Gestapo ( secret police ) and censorship without a vote in the Reichstag.
• What year was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

  1919
• Why did Germans hate the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

  They felt it imposed unfair blame and reparations on them
• What was the amount of reparations Germany had to pay according to the Treaty of Versailles?

  £6.6 billion
• What did Germans refer to their government officials who signed the Treaty of Versailles?

  They called them the 'November criminals'
• What was the reaction of groups like the Freikorps to the Treaty of Versailles?

  They opposed the treaty
• What was a long-term consequence of Germany failing to pay the reparations?

  It led to the French invading and taking the Ruhr factories
• What economic action did Germany take in response to the reparations issue?

  Germany started to print more money than it had
• What crisis did the excessive printing of money lead to in Germany?

  It caused a hyperinflation crisis
• What does the term "war guilt" refer to in the context of the Treaty of Versailles?

  It refers to the blame placed on Germany for World War One
• What were the Ruhr factories significant for?

  They were important industrial sites in Germany
• What is hyperinflation?

  It is an economic condition where prices rise rapidly as a currency loses its value
• Limitations on German military

  As apart of the ToV the military of Germany was reduced to 100,000 soilders, no tanks and no airforce. For German navy they we limited to 6 battle ships and no submarines. britian took the rest of their battleships to keep their naval supremacy

  Long term Hitler promised to remilitarise the Rhineland, he also made an anglo-German naval agreement which stated that Germany were to be give 37% the navy of Britain’s
• Limitations on German military

  Things such as conscription were banned meaning that soilders had to volunteer.

  Germans felt their military pride had been taken and they were left unable to protect their land and seas from invading countries

  Long term hitler promised to rebuild their military by reintroducing conscription and remilitarising the Rhineland
• Germany hated the tov, the tov meant that germans had to accept full blame for WW1.

  They were now under a DIKTAT meaning they had no say in what happened to them.

  The tov caused massive problems through the payment of 6.6 billion in reparations damaging their economy and causing great opposition from groups like the Friekorps.

  As a whole Germany felt stabbed in the back by the Goverment, referring to them as the 'November criminals'
• Long term- the failure of paying the reparations: in 1922 to the French invade Germany, taking the Rhur factories leaving 6million unemployed germans. With this lack of income causes hyperinflation as germans rapidly printed more money reducing its value
• German land/territory

  Germany lost 10% of its land and the ToV removed all their German communities. which was given to other countries

  The French got back Alsace-Lorraine after it was lost to Germany during the Franco-prussian war in the 19th century. The saar-land was given to the League of Nations for 15 years. And Land in German Prussia was given to the Polish to create the Polish Corridor splitting German land.

  Long-term, This helped Hitler to get support from the germans. Hitler had promised to reuinte lost German speakers and land eg Austria 1938 and saar-land plebicite 1935
• Short term- The Treaty of Versailles: It was seen as humiliating and unfair, it stripped away all of Germany’s colonies and forced them to pay huge sums of money in reparations. This angered many Germans who saw themselves as victims rather than aggressors.
• Satisfied peacemakers:

  Unlike the Germans whom hated the Tov for it being unfair and harsh, the peacemakers like Clemenceau and Lloyd Geroge were mostly satisfied.

  Clemenceau was satisfied with the return of Alsace Lorraine, acceptance of war guilt and the army reductions, also demilitarisation of the Rhineland. However he felt 6.6 billion reparation payments was not enough and wanted more.

  Lloyd George was satisfied with his continued status of naval supremacy by the reductions to German navy and overseas colonies. However worried reparations would cause future war.
• LEAGUE:

  The league was based on Wilsons idea, However USA voted not to join due to isolationism. The permanent council members were Britain, France, Italy and Japan.

  These Council members had the power of the Veto meaning they could ignore ruling decisions made by the League.

  The main assembly only met once a year having to have a unanimous vote which meant they all had to agree on the ruling. This caused decision making to be slow and ineffective as things would change by the time they'd meet again.
• LEAGUE:

  Powers were undermined without the USA being apart of the League.

  These powers were:

  Moral condemnation, which was a warning with a report. Example: Japan turned this down during their invasion of Chinese Manchuria after their economy fell to the depression. report : LYTTON REPORT

  Trade sanction punishments were not affective due to them being able to still trade with America and other countries outside the League.

  Military force, Without America the league didn't have its own army meaning military force wouldn't happen.
• LEAGUE:

  The league aimed to stop war through diarmourment and working together for collective security and peace

  They also set out to improve living and working conditions.
• The League had success when dealing with smaller countries however, failed when standing up to stronger nations and leading council members like Italy.

  1921: The aaland islands were a success, prevent military altercation between Finland and Sweden the league give the islands to Finland and the Swedens request no military bases are built agreed by the League

  1921- Upper Silesia was a success, a plebicite vote is held and the land is divided according to those who voted to be apart of Germany and those who wanted to be a part of Poland.

  1923- Mussolinis italy invaded corfu was unsuccessful
• Success:

  The League of Nations does solve disputes between smaller countries and does help improve living and working conditions in the 1920's. League was able to end slavery in Sierra Leone, Helps find refugees home after WW1. As well as organisations vaccination programmes and supplies doctors to refugee camps.

  Fail:

  The league cannot stop the use of child workers in member countries and they fail to stop the opium drug trade. They were unable to intervene to stop powerful members eg Italys invasion of corfu
• LEAGUE:

  International agreements were negotiated without the help of the league which showed how little confidence countries had with it.

  • LOCARNO PACT 1924- Germany officially accepted the borders that the treaty defined eg war guilt and reparation payment
  • KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT 1928- 60 countries met in Paris and signed an agreement stating the would use war to solve problems. There was nothing in the pact stating what would happen if the terms of the pact was to be broken by a country
• MANCHURIAN CRISIS:

  Causes:

  Japans economy was undermined by the Depression which devastated Japans silk trade. Japans military planned to invade Chinese Machuria in 1931 to take their resources.

  Japan already owned the south Manchuria railway which operated in Manchuria the explosion called the Mukden incident let to Japans invasion.
• MANCHURIAN CRISIS:

  Consequences/ Importance:

  The Manchurian crisis exposed the Leagues weaknesses, it had taken over a year to write the Lytton report criticising japans invasion which only used moral condemnation which was easily ignored.

  Trade sanctions were also ineffective to use because Japan were still able to sign trade deals with America.

  Japan ignore the Leagues Lytton report and Japan leave the league to invade the rest of china

  LONG TERM: Mussolini leader of Italy was encouraged by Japans success and made his own plans to invade African abyssinia
• ABYSSINIAN CRISIS 1935-36

  Mussolini was an Italian dictator, he wanted to conquer the African Abyssinia to form part of his empire overseas. He was encouraged to invade by the leagues failure to stop Japan invading Manchuria and the rest of China.

  Also Britain and France wanted to keep Mussolini as an ally with the Stresa front so would be reluctant to deal with him harshly after Italian soldiers invade Abyssinia using tanks, planes and poison gas
• ABYSSINIAN CRISIS 1935-36

  Consequences/Importance:

  • Britain and France kept open the SUEZ CANAL which was used by Italian ships supplying their army in Abyssinia. During the depression Britain and France prioritised trade above the League of Nations
  • Despite ecumenic sanctions, Britain and France still sell Mussolini oil and coal to project jobs at home and Mussolini could still trade with America which hadn't joined the League
• ABYSSINIAN CRISIS 1935-36

  Consequences/Importance:

  • The Samuel Hoare and Pierre Laval agreement: Britain and France offer Mussolini 2/3 of Abyssinia to call off his invasion. The press uncover this secret deal and the reputation of the league was ruined.
  • Mussollini continues to invade all of Abyssinia and sign an alliance with Hitler Germany and the Rome Berlin axis. While Hitler confidently sends German soldiers into the Rhineland
• ANCHLUSS (AUSTRIA) 1938 - causes of ww2

  
  

  Hitler wanted to unite Germany and Austria as he had always seen Austria as apart of Germany, He had tried to reuinte 4 years earlier in 1934 during the doll fuss event

  Germany would benefit as it would use Austrias natural resources and could break the treaty of versailles.

  Many Austrians supported the idea of a union because their country was not as rich as Germany.
• ANCHLUSS (AUSTRIA) 1938

  Hitler forced Austrian leader Schuschnigg to resign by threatening ti invade Austria, the replacement leader Seyss-Inquart invited German soldiers to help oversee and fix the Plebicite vote where Austrians would decide whether Germany and Austria unite.
• ANCHLUSS (AUSTRIA) 1938

  Importance

  • 99% of Austrians vote to join together Germany and Austria, this broke the treaty of versailles giving Hitler more resources.
  • Appeasement, Britain and France abandoned the Austrians and their leader Schuschnigg, so Hitler become more confident and turned his attention towards invading Czech Sudetenland