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Biology AQA
orginisation
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Cards (116)
What do cells make up?
All living things
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What is a tissue?
A group of
specialised
cells with a similar
structure
and
function
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Can tissues be made of more than one type of cell?
Yes
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Give an example of a type of tissue.
Muscular
tissue
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What are
organs
formed from?
A number of different
tissues
working together
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What is an example of an organ?
The stomach
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What do
organ systems
do?
Work together to
perform
a certain
function
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What organ system is the stomach part of?
The digestive system
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What is the function of the
digestive system
?
To
break down food
into a
form
that can be
absorbed
by
cells
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What type of juices do glands produce in the digestive system?
Digestive
juices containing
enzymes
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What is the role of the stomach in digestion?
Produces
hydrochloric
acid to kill
bacteria
and provide optimum
pH
for enzymes
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Where are soluble molecules absorbed in the digestive system?
The small intestine
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What does the
liver
produce that aids in digestion?
Bile
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What is the function of the
large intestine
?
Absorbs water
from
undigested
food to produce
faeces
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What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts
that
increase
the rate of
reaction
without being
used
up
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Why is the
shape
of an
enzyme
important?
Because each
enzyme
has a
uniquely
shaped
active site
where the
substrate
binds
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What is the Lock and Key Hypothesis?
The
shape
of the
substrate
is
complementary
to the
shape
of the
active
site, forming an
enzyme-substrate
complex
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What is the optimum temperature range for most enzymes?
Around
37
degrees Celsius
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What happens to enzymes at temperatures above their optimum?
The
reaction
rate rapidly
decreases
and eventually
stops
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What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?
Its
shape changes
so the
substrate
can no longer
fit
in
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What is the optimum pH for most enzymes?
7
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What happens to enzymes if the
pH
is too
high
or too
low
?
The forces holding the
amino acid
chains are affected, changing the
shape
of the
active
site
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What do carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into?
Simple sugars
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What is an example of a carbohydrase?
Amylase
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Where is amylase produced?
In the
salivary
glands,
pancreas
, and
small
intestine
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What do proteases convert proteins into?
Amino acids
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What is an example of a
protease
?
Pepsin
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Where are proteases produced?
In the
stomach
,
pancreas
, and
small intestine
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What do lipases convert lipids into?
Fatty acids
and
glycerol
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Where are
lipases
produced?
In the
pancreas
and
small
intestine
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What happens to soluble glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol after digestion?
They pass into the
bloodstream
to be carried to all
cells
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What is the purpose of the tests for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?
To determine whether a
solution
is made up of these
substances
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What does
Benedict’s
test indicate?
Presence of
sugars
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What color does Benedict’s test turn if sugars are present?
Brick red
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What does the
iodine
test indicate?
Presence of
starch
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What color does the iodine test turn if starch is present?
Blue-black
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What does the
Biuret
test indicate?
Presence of
protein
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What color does the Biuret test turn if protein is present?
Purple
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What does the emulsion test indicate?
Presence of
lipids
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How is the emulsion test performed?
Add
ethanol
which results in a
cloudy
layer if a
lipid
is present
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