orginisation

    Cards (116)

    • What do cells make up?
      All living things
    • What is a tissue?
      A group of specialised cells with a similar structure and function
    • Can tissues be made of more than one type of cell?
      Yes
    • Give an example of a type of tissue.
      Muscular tissue
    • What are organs formed from?

      A number of different tissues working together
    • What is an example of an organ?
      The stomach
    • What do organ systems do?

      Work together to perform a certain function
    • What organ system is the stomach part of?
      The digestive system
    • What is the function of the digestive system?

      To break down food into a form that can be absorbed by cells
    • What type of juices do glands produce in the digestive system?
      Digestive juices containing enzymes
    • What is the role of the stomach in digestion?
      Produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and provide optimum pH for enzymes
    • Where are soluble molecules absorbed in the digestive system?
      The small intestine
    • What does the liver produce that aids in digestion?

      Bile
    • What is the function of the large intestine?

      Absorbs water from undigested food to produce faeces
    • What are enzymes?
      Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reaction without being used up
    • Why is the shape of an enzyme important?

      Because each enzyme has a uniquely shaped active site where the substrate binds
    • What is the Lock and Key Hypothesis?
      The shape of the substrate is complementary to the shape of the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex
    • What is the optimum temperature range for most enzymes?
      Around 37 degrees Celsius
    • What happens to enzymes at temperatures above their optimum?
      The reaction rate rapidly decreases and eventually stops
    • What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?
      Its shape changes so the substrate can no longer fit in
    • What is the optimum pH for most enzymes?
      7
    • What happens to enzymes if the pH is too high or too low?

      The forces holding the amino acid chains are affected, changing the shape of the active site
    • What do carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into?
      Simple sugars
    • What is an example of a carbohydrase?
      Amylase
    • Where is amylase produced?
      In the salivary glands, pancreas, and small intestine
    • What do proteases convert proteins into?
      Amino acids
    • What is an example of a protease?

      Pepsin
    • Where are proteases produced?
      In the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine
    • What do lipases convert lipids into?
      Fatty acids and glycerol
    • Where are lipases produced?

      In the pancreas and small intestine
    • What happens to soluble glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol after digestion?
      They pass into the bloodstream to be carried to all cells
    • What is the purpose of the tests for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?
      To determine whether a solution is made up of these substances
    • What does Benedict’s test indicate?

      Presence of sugars
    • What color does Benedict’s test turn if sugars are present?
      Brick red
    • What does the iodine test indicate?

      Presence of starch
    • What color does the iodine test turn if starch is present?
      Blue-black
    • What does the Biuret test indicate?

      Presence of protein
    • What color does the Biuret test turn if protein is present?
      Purple
    • What does the emulsion test indicate?
      Presence of lipids
    • How is the emulsion test performed?
      Add ethanol which results in a cloudy layer if a lipid is present
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