Chem *

• Who is the presenter of the video on organic synthesis and analytical techniques?

  Chris Harris
• What is the purpose of the video on organic synthesis and analytical techniques?

  It is designed for revision.
• What analytical techniques are mentioned in the video?

  Infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry
• What do greenhouse gases do with infrared radiation?

  They absorb and reemit it towards Earth.
• Which greenhouse gases are mentioned in the video?

  Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane
• What human activities increase greenhouse gases?

  Burning fossil fuels and using landfills
• What is the greenhouse effect?

  It is the warming of Earth due to gases.
• What correlation is observed between carbon dioxide levels and temperature?

  As CO2 levels increase, temperature fluctuates.
• What does correlation not imply according to the video?

  Correlation does not imply causation.
• What international agreement was made in 1997 regarding CO2 emissions?

  The Kyoto Protocol
• What did the Kyoto Protocol aim to address?

  It aimed to limit CO2 emissions globally.
• What actions has the UK government taken to reduce emissions?

  Increased use of renewable energy sources.
• What is infrared spectroscopy used for?

  To analyze vibrational energy of bonds.
• How does infrared radiation affect molecular bonds?

  It increases the vibrational energy of bonds.
• What does the broad peak at about 3000 cm^-1 indicate in infrared spectroscopy?

  It indicates the presence of an O group.
• What happens to the O peak when an alcohol is oxidized?

  The O peak disappears in the spectrum.
• What is the purpose of breathalyzers?

  To monitor alcohol levels in breath.
• How do breathalyzers measure alcohol levels?

  By measuring the intensity of the CH peak.
• What does mass spectrometry determine?

  The relative molecular mass of a compound.
• What does the M/Z ratio represent in mass spectrometry?

  Mass of a fragment divided by its charge.
• What happens to molecules in a mass spectrometer?

  They are bombarded and fragmented by electrons.
• What is the molecular ion peak in mass spectrometry?

  It represents the unfragmented molecule's mass.
• How can fragmentation patterns help identify molecules?

  Different fragments indicate different molecules.
• What is a common fragment mass for a methyl group?

  15
• What is a common fragment mass for a carbonyl group?

  28
• What are the key features of infrared spectroscopy?

  • Uses infrared radiation to analyze molecular bonds
  • Measures vibrational energy of bonds
  • Peaks indicate presence of specific functional groups
  • Broad peaks suggest certain types of bonds
• What are the applications of mass spectrometry?

  • Determines relative molecular mass
  • Identifies molecular fragments
  • Analyzes complex mixtures
  • Monitors emissions and pollutants
• What are the implications of global warming?

  • Increased greenhouse gas emissions
  • Rising global temperatures
  • Impact on climate and weather patterns
  • Need for international agreements to reduce emissions
• What are the differences between infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry?

  • Infrared spectroscopy analyzes vibrational energy
  • Mass spectrometry analyzes mass-to-charge ratio
  • Infrared identifies functional groups
  • Mass spectrometry identifies molecular fragments
• What are the main sources of greenhouse gases?

  • Burning fossil fuels
  • Landfills releasing methane
  • Deforestation
  • Industrial processes
• What are the effects of human activities on global warming?

  • Increased CO2 emissions
  • Enhanced greenhouse effect
  • Climate change
  • Ocean acidification
• What can fragmentation patterns be used for?

  To identify molecules with the same constituent atoms
• Why are fragment masses different for molecules with the same formula?

  Because they break at different points
• What is the molecular formula for propanal and propanone?

  Both have the same molecular formula
• How can fragmentation help distinguish between propanal and propanone?

  By analyzing their unique fragmentation patterns
• What is the molecular ion mass for propanal?

  58
• What are the major fragments for propanal?

  CH₃CH₂ (29) and CO (29)
• What is a major fragment for propanone?

  CH₃CO⁺ (43)
• How does the intensity of peaks differ between propanal and propanone?

  Propanone has a greater intensity of peaks
• How can spectra be used to identify molecules?

  By comparing against a library of spectra