PHARM BOTANY

• What part of a plant acts as a centralized system providing strength, growth, and nutrition?

  The root
• What is the radical in the context of seed germination?

  The radical is the root end of an embryo from which the first root develops.
• How are roots generally categorized?


  Into primary roots and adventitious roots.
• What are primary roots?


  Primary roots originate from the embryo and usually persist throughout life.
• What are adventitious roots?


  Adventitious roots arise secondarily from the stem, leaf, or other tissues and may be permanent or temporary.
• In which direction does root growth generally occur?

  Root growth is generally directed towards gravity, meaning it is positively geotropic.
• What color are roots typically, and when can they turn green?

  Roots are usually not green, but can turn green when exposed to light for a prolonged period.
• What is the function of root hairs?

  Root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil.
• What is the protective structure at the end of a root called?

  The root cap.
• What are lateral roots and how do they develop?

  Lateral roots develop from an inner layer called the pericycle and are produced endogenously.
• How do tap roots and adventitious roots differ in their origin?

  Tap roots develop directly from the radical, while adventitious roots develop from other parts of the plant.
• What is the structure of a taproot?

  A taproot grows vertically downwards and produces lateral branches called secondary roots.
• What are fibrous roots?

  Fibrous roots are thin roots that develop from the base of the stem and do not persist like taproots.
• What is the role of the root cap?

  The root cap protects the tip of the root as it pushes through the soil.
• What is the zone of elongation in a root?

  The zone of elongation is where cells remain undifferentiated but grow rapidly in length.
• How long is the growing point of a root?

  About one millimeter in length.
• What characterizes the zone of maturation in roots?


  The zone of maturation is characterized by a covering of whitish root hairs and differentiation into permanent tissues.
• How are root hairs formed and what is their lifespan?

  Root hairs are slender projections from epidermal cells and are delicate and short-lived.
• What happens to old root hairs as the root elongates?

  Old root hairs wither away and die as the root elongates.
• What are the two main types of root systems in plants?

  • Taproot system: Found in dicotyledons and gymnosperms.
  • Fibrous root system: Commonly found in monocotyledons.
• What are the categories of adventitious roots based on their development?


  1. Fibrous roots: Given off in clusters from the base of the stem.
  2. Foliar roots: Develop from the leaf.
  3. True adventitious roots: Given off from nodes or internodes.
• How do taproots and fibrous roots differ in their growth patterns?

  • Taproots grow vertically downwards and produce lateral branches.
  • Fibrous roots develop from the base of the stem and spread out horizontally.
• What are the main functions of roots?

  • Absorb water and minerals from the soil.
  • Provide anchorage to the plant.
  • Store nutrients.
• What is the first course learning outcome mentioned in the study material?

  Identify the parts and functions of plant tissues.
• What is the second course learning outcome mentioned in the study material?

  Describe and differentiate the various transport mechanisms that regulate the transfer of water and solutes in plants.
• What is the hierarchy of plant structure from cells to organ systems?

  • Group cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ system
• What are the three main types of plant tissue systems?

  1. Dermal Tissues
  2. Ground Tissues
  3. Vascular Tissues
• What is the primary function of dermal tissue in plants?

  Transpiration, gas exchange, and defense.
• What does the epidermis cover in plants?

  Roots, stems, leaves, and fruits.
• What is the cuticle in the epidermis made of?

  A continuous layer made up of fatty material called cutin.
• What are stomata and their function?

  Specialized epidermal cells that control air exchange (CO2 and O2) and water loss from plants.
• What are the functions of the epidermis in plants?

  1. Mechanical support
  2. Protection from desiccation and pathogens
  3. Gas exchange
  4. Restriction of water loss by evaporation
  5. Water and mineral storage
• What is the periderm in plants?

  A tissue formed during secondary growth that replaces the primary epidermis.
• What is ground tissue in plants composed of?

  Simple tissue like parenchyma.
• What are the two main types of vascular tissues?

  Xylem and phloem.
• How is ground tissue arranged in relation to vascular tissue?

  Ground tissue may be scattered in vascular tissue or arranged in a ring, forming cortex and pith.
• What is the ground tissue of leaves called?

  Mesophyll.
• What are the types of plant tissues?

  1. Meristematic

  • Apical
  • Intercalary
  • Lateral

  1. Permanent

  • Simple
  • Parenchyma
  • Aerenchyma
  • Chlorenchyma
  • Pallisade
  • Spongy
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma
  • Fibers
  • Sclereids
• What are meristematic tissues and where are they found?

  Actively dividing cells found at shoot tips, root tips, vascular cambium, and cork cambium.
• What is the function of apical meristematic tissue?

  Responsible for primary growth, such as plant length.