KT1

• What was the relationship between Elizabeth and Mary, Queen of Scots, during 1568-1569?

  Relations remained tense due to Elizabeth's concerns about Mary's presence and the threat she posed to her throne.
• What were Elizabeth's options regarding Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1568-1569?

  1. Help Mary to regain her throne
  2. Hand Mary over to the Scottish lords
  3. Allow Mary to go abroad
  4. Keep Mary in England
• What was a potential problem of helping Mary regain her throne?

  It would anger the Scottish nobility and leave Elizabeth facing a Catholic monarch on her northern border.
• Why could handing Mary over to the Scottish lords provoke France?

  Mary's trial, imprisonment, and execution could provoke France, driving them into alliance with Spain, leading to war with England.
• What risk was associated with allowing Mary to go abroad?

  It could lead to her return to France and provoke a plot to remove Elizabeth from the throne.
• Why was keeping Mary in England considered the best option for Elizabeth?

  It minimized immediate threats while acknowledging the risk of Catholic plotters trying to overthrow Elizabeth.
• What was the Casket Letters Affair?

  • A meeting at York to hear the case against Mary from October 1568 to January 1569.
  • Scottish lords presented love letters allegedly from Mary to the Earl of Bothwell.
  • Mary claimed she could not be tried as an anointed monarch without a guaranteed verdict of innocence.
  • The conference did not reach any conclusions, leaving Mary captive in England.
• What were the consequences of not handing over Mary to the Scottish lords?

  Elizabeth ensured that the Scottish nobility would not imprison or execute Mary, the French would be satisfied, and her subjects would not punish an anointed monarch.
• Why did Elizabeth not make Mary her heir?

  It would upset English Protestants and could lead to civil war due to the prospect of a Catholic heir.
• What was Mary's claim to the English throne?

  Mary was Henry VII's great-granddaughter and Elizabeth's second cousin, with a legitimate claim through Margaret Tudor.
• How did Mary's Catholicism affect her claim to the throne?

  Many Catholics, including members of the nobility, were prepared to support her claim due to her Catholic faith.
• Why was Elizabeth's legitimacy questioned by Catholics?

  Many Catholics viewed Elizabeth's mother's marriage to Henry VIII as invalid, undermining her claim to the throne.
• What was the significance of Mary, Queen of Scots, in relation to Catholic plots against Elizabeth?

  Mary was always at the center of Catholic plots and conspiracies against Elizabeth, involving both English plotters and foreign powers.
• What happened after the death of Francis II in 1560?

  Mary returned to Scotland, married Henry Stuart (Lord Darnley), and produced an heir, James.
• What led to Mary's abdication in favor of her son, James?


  Protestant Scottish lords rebelled against Mary, imprisoned her, and forced her to abdicate.
• What was the problem created by Mary's arrival in England?

  Her presence could encourage rebellion among Catholic nobility who believed they could overthrow Elizabeth.
• What was the papacy's stance towards Elizabeth by 1570?

  The pope had excommunicated Elizabeth and was prepared to end Protestant rule in England.
• What was the Counter Reformation?


  The Catholic Church's attempt to reverse the Protestant Reformation and stop its spread.
• What did the pope instruct English Catholics to do in 1566?


  He instructed them not to attend Church of England services.
• What was the extent of the Catholic threat in England?

  Up to one-third of the nobility and many gentry were recusants, especially in the north and northwest of England.
• Who were the Puritans?


  Puritans were radical Protestants who wanted to purify the Christian religion by eliminating anything not in the Bible.
• What were the main beliefs and goals of the Puritans?


  • Wanted to develop their own Church without bishops.
  • Opposed the use of vestments and crucifixes.
  • Aimed to ban sinful activities and promote a godly lifestyle.
  • Some believed the monarch could be overthrown if Catholic.
• How did Elizabeth respond to Puritan challenges regarding vestments?

  Elizabeth did not back down.

  The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Parker, required priests to attend an exhibition showing vestments they must wear in his Book of Advertisements (1566). 37 priests lost their posts as they refused to wear them
• What was the significance of the crucifix in Elizabeth's religious policy?

  Elizabeth demanded a crucifix in each church to avoid upsetting Catholic subjects, which Puritans opposed.
• What was the outcome of the Revolt of the Northern Earls?

  The revolt was a significant Catholic challenge to Elizabeth's rule.
• What was the role of the pope in the Counter Reformation?


  The pope sought to reverse Protestant gains and encouraged Catholic powers to challenge Protestant rulers like Elizabeth.
• What did the Puritans believe regarding the monarch's authority?

  They believed the monarch could be overthrown in certain circumstances, especially if the monarch was Catholic.
• What are vestments?


  Vestments are special clothing worn by clergy during worship.
• What was the Puritan view of the pope?

  Many Puritans were anti-Catholic and believed the pope was the 'anti-Christ'.
• What did millenarians among the Puritans believe?

  Millenarians believed the world was ending and that Christians had to prepare for Jesus' return.
• What was Elizabeth's stance on crucifixes in churches?

  Elizabeth demanded that a crucifix be placed in each church to avoid upsetting her Catholic subjects.
• How did the Puritans respond to Elizabeth's demand for crucifixes?

  Puritans opposed the crucifix demand, and when some bishops threatened to resign, Elizabeth backed down.
• What did Elizabeth want regarding clergy vestments?

  Elizabeth wanted the clergy to wear special vestments as described in the Royal Injunctions.
• What was the outcome of the Archbishop of Canterbury's requirement for priests in 1566?

  37 Puritan priests lost their posts because they refused to attend church and wear the new vestments.
• Where were Puritans most active in England?

  Puritans were active in London, Cambridge, Oxford, and parts of East Anglia.
• How did the government respond to Puritan demands for reform?

  The government ignored most Puritan demands for reform of the Church of England, suggesting limited support for Puritanism.
• What role did the Church of England play in national government?

  The Church of England played an important role in national government and town and village life.
• How did the clergy ensure the government's message was preached?

  Priests needed a government's licence to preach, ensuring they preached Elizabeth's religious and political message.
• What was the role of parish churches in communities?

  Parish churches provided guidance for communities and helped people in times of hardship and uncertainty.
• How were clergy funded in parishes?

  Clergy were funded by taxes or tithes, or by other sources of income, such as the sale of church pews.