CMR

• What type of organism is Chlamydia?

  Obligate intracellular infectious particle
• What is the laboratory diagnosis method for Chlamydia trachomatis?

  Best diagnosed by culture
• What are the life cycle forms of Chlamydia trachomatis?

  • Elementary Bodies: Infectious and metabolically inactive
  • Reticulate Bodies: Metabolically active
• What are the clinical syndromes associated with Chlamydia trachomatis?

  Urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and conjunctivitis
• What is the test for lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?

  Frei's Test, an intradermal skin test
• What is Chlamydia pneumoniae associated with?

  Mild respiratory tract infections
• What is the laboratory diagnosis method for Chlamydia pneumoniae?

  Cell culture (HL, Hep-2)
• What is the treatment for Chlamydia infections?

  Tetracycline

  Erythromycin

  in high dosage
• Large bodies of Chlamydia

  Bedsonia
• Culture Medium for Chlamydia

  1. McCoy
  2. Hep-2 HeLa
  3. BGMK
• Best culture medium for Chlamydia trachomatis


  McCoy
• Non-culture, non-amplified medium for C. trachomatis

  • DFA
  • EIA
  • OIA
• Non-culture, amplified medium for C. trachomatis

  • Probe
  • PCR
• Serology test for C. trachomatis

  • CF
  • EIA
  • Micro-IF
• Injected intradermally for 48-72 hrs


  Frei' s Test
• Substitutes for Frei's test

  • EIA
  • NAAT
• Endemic trachoma - multiple or persistent infections that ultimately lead to blindness. (head to eye for formite)


  Subtypes A, B, Ba, C
• Urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymitis, infant pneumonia and conjunctivitis

  Subtypes D-K
• Lymphogranuloma venereum BIOVARS caused by C. trachomatis thru STD

  Subtypes L1, L2, L3
• Strain of Chlamydophila pneumoniae

  TWAR strain (Taiwan Acute Respiratory strain)
• • Pneumonia
  • Pharyngitis
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome

  C. pneumoniae
• Laboratory diagnosis for C. pneumoniae

  • Cell culture
  • Immunofluorescent stain
  • Molecular assays
  • Serodiagnosis
• What is the term used for a stain that uses fluorescent dyes to detect specific antigens in cells or tissues?

  Immunofluorescent stain
• What are the three laboratory diagnosis methods mentioned for C. psittaci?

  Immunofluorescent stain, molecular assays, and serodiagnosis
• What disease is caused by C. psittaci?

  Psittacosis/ornithosis
• How can humans acquire C. psittaci infection?

  By inhalation of contaminated aerosols or fomites, or through person-to-person transmission
• What is the common name for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?

  Walking pneumonia
• What are the characteristics of Mycoplasma organisms?

  They are the smallest free-living organisms, lack a cell wall, and have a pleomorphic appearance
• What type of culture media is used for Mycoplasma?

  Hayflick's medium
• What are the role of M. hominis and U. urealyticum in human health?

  It can colonize adults asymptomatically and cause nongonococcal urethritis in males
• How do M. hominis and U. urealyticum differ in their clinical manifestations?

  M. hominis is associated with salpingitis and postpartal fever in females, while U. urealyticum is linked to nongonococcal urethritis in males
• What are the three species of mycoplasma mentioned?

  
  

  M. hominis, M. pneumoniae, and U. urealyticum
• What are the general characteristics of Rickettsia bacteria?

  They are gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacteria spread through insect vectors
• What are the signs of Rickettsia infections?

  Fever, headache, and a characteristic rash that first appears on the wrists and ankles
• What is the transmission method for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

  Through ticks
• Which organism is responsible for Q fever?


  Coxiella burnetii
• What is the mode of transmission for Trench fever?

  Through human body lice
• How does the laboratory diagnosis of Rickettsial infections differ from that of Mycoplasma infections?

  Rickettsial infections often require identification of vectors and specific serological tests, while Mycoplasma infections are differentiated based on metabolic characteristics
• What are the clinical manifestations of Bartonella infections?

  • Trench fever
  • Chronic bacteremia
  • Endocarditis
  • Bacillary angiomatosis
  • Cat-scratch disease
• What is the primary causative agent of Cat-scratch disease?

  1. B. henselae