L5 | MINERALS

• MINERALS

  • Ore, solid, naturally formed by an inorganic process, has specific chemical composition and has crystalline structure
• 2 TYPES OF MINERALS

  1. silicate
  2. non-silicate
• Minerals are classified as:

  1. ore minerals
  2. industrial minerals
  3. gems
• ORE MINERALS

  • Nonrenewable resource
  • carefully fragmented and chemically processed to yield useful metals.
  • e.g: galena, bauxite
• INDUSTRIAL MINERALS

  • offer a wide array of domestic and industrial applications.
  • e.g: clays, gypsum, potash, mica, calcium carbonate, talc, halite, and zeolite
• GEMS

  • semi-precious gems
  • valued for their sparkle, beauty, and its contribution to jewelry, cosmetics, and health.
  • Diamond, corundum, ruby, sapphire
• bentonite ore

  • source of tin
  • important in well drilling
• barite

  • oil drilling
  • filler in paint, glass and toothpaste
• chalcopyrite

  • electric wiring
  • motors
  • appliances
  • piping
  • metal alloys
• galena

  • automative batteries
  • paint
  • additive in gasoline
• limestone

  • building stone for kitchen surfaces, sculpture, and cement
• sand

  • domestic and industrial applications
• halite

  • branded as rock salt
  • type of salt with the mineral form of sodium chloride
• gypsum

  • wallboard
  • ingredient in cement
• rare earth elements

  • appliances
  • gadgets
  • smartphones
• diamond

  • hardest metal
  • cutting glass and drilling rocks
  • most expensive gemstone
• ore genesis

  • Process by which a deposit of ore is created
• 3 MAJOR TYPES OF ORE GENESIS

  1. internal processes
  2. hydrothermal processes
  3. surficial processes
• INTERNAL PROCESSES

  • Include geologic activity such as when volcanoes bring ore from deep in the planet to the surface.
• HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES

  • Seawater circulates through cracks in earth’s crust and deposits minerals in the areas around hydrothermal vents
• Hydrothermal vents

  • cracks on the seafloor where seawater meets magma
• SURFICIAL PROCESSES

  • Ore can accumulate through process that happen on the surface of earth
  • e.g: erosion
• MINING

  • Process of extracting valuable materials from the earth.
  • 2018: philippines was the world’s second largest producer of nickel-ore
  • Northern central and southern part of mindanao were identified as rich in chromium, copper, and gold deposits.
• SURFACE MINING

  • Minerals are extracted near the earth’s surface.
• SURFACE MINING INCLUDES 6 PROCESS:

  1. strip mining
  2. placer mining
  3. mountain top
  4. hydraulic mining
  5. dredging
  6. open pit
• UNDERGROUND MINING

  • Ores are taken out from the ground by digging
• UNDERGROUND MINING INCLUDES 5 PROCESS:

  • Slope mining
  • Hard-rock
  • Drift mining
  • Shaft
  • Borehole process
• sustainable mining

  1. Invest in research and development of green mining technology
  2. Improving the efficiency of the manufacturing processes
  3. Accurate reporting on the amount of toxic mining waste
  4. Making products from reusable waste
  5. Improving mining regulations and legislation
  6. Closure of illegal and unstructured mine
  7. Closure and recovery of shut down mine sites
  8. Regulating of mining crops
  9. Rejuvenating the environment
• METALLURGY

  • Process used to extract metals in their pure form
• 6 PROCESS METALLURGY:

  1. crushing and grinding
  2. ore dressing
  3. hydrolytic method
  4. magnetic separation
  5. froth floatation
  6. roasting and calcination
• CRUSHING AND GRINDING

  • Into a fine powder (pulverization) in a crusher or ball mill
• ORE DRESSING

  • Process of removing impurities from ore
• HYDROLYTIC METHOD

  • Ores are poured over a sloping and vibrating corrugated table with grooves to  which a jet water flowed over the surface.
  • Allows the dense particles to settle in the grooves and wash away the impurities.  
• MAGNETIC SEPARATION

  • Crushed ore is placed on a conveyor belt with two wheels.
  • One of the wheels is magnetic therefore, it attracts magnetic particles, and those non-magnetic particles just fall apart.
• FROTH FLOATATION

  • Crushed ore are placed in a large tank that contains oil and water.
  • A current of compressed air will pass through to wet the ore which will separate the impurities in the form of froth.
  • Ore is lighter, it floats and leaves the impurities behind.
• ROASTING AND CALCINATION

  • Concentrated ore is heated in the presence of oxygen (roasting) and is usually applied to sulfide ores.
  • For ore containing carbonate or hydrated oxides, heating is done in the absence of air to melt the ores (calcination)
  • Chalcocite, galena, sphalerite, and other metals combined with sulfur are exposed to this process to yield copper, zinc, and iron
• 5 EXISTING MINING SITES IN REGION X

  • Gango, Libona in Bukidnon
  • Barangay Tumpagon and Barangay Pigsag-an in Cagayan de Oro City
  • Nangcaon, Opol, in Misamis Oriental
  • Rogongon, Iligan City
• Mining Methods that Affect the CDO River Systems

  1. Tunneling
  2. Panning/Gold Washing
  3. Flushing
  4. Panning and Flushing
• Leaching

  • Used extensively in Mindanao
  • Contaminates water supply
  • Ores are treated with chemical like cyanide, ammonia, alkali, and acid