cardiovascular

• What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

  The heart, blood vessels, and blood
• What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

  Transportation of gases and fuels, immunity, cellular repair and regrowth, and thermoregulation
• How many chambers does the heart have?

  Four chambers
• What are the names of the upper and lower chambers of the heart?

  The upper chambers are the left and right atrium, and the lower chambers are the left and right ventricles
• How is the heart divided?

  The heart is divided into superior (atria) and inferior (ventricles) parts and left and right sides divided by the septum
• How many times does the heart beat in an average lifespan of 75 years?

  Over 3 billion times
• What is the average amount of blood pumped by the heart in a lifespan of 75 years?

  120-180 million litres of blood
• What are the four stages of the cardiac cycle?

  1. Atrial diastole
  2. Ventricular diastole
  3. Atrial systole
  4. Ventricular systole
• What happens during atrial diastole?

  The atria fill with blood returning from the body and lungs, and heart valves remain shut
• What causes the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to open during ventricular diastole?

  Pressure build-up in the atria
• What occurs during atrial systole?

  The atria contract and blood is forced into the ventricles
• What happens during ventricular systole?

  The pulmonary valve and aortic valve open, and ventricles contract, forcing blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
• What is the summary of blood flow through the heart?

  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.
  2. Right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
  3. Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
  4. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein.
  5. Left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle.
  6. Left ventricle contracts, pumping blood into the aorta for distribution.
• How is heart rate defined?

  Heart rate is the number of contractions of the heart muscle in a minute, measured as beats per minute (bpm)
• How can we calculate our maximum heart rate (MHR)?

  MHR is calculated using the formula: 220 - Age
• What happens to heart rate when moving from rest to exercise?

  Heart rate increases in a linear fashion with exercise intensity until a maximum is reached
• What is stroke volume?

  Stroke volume is a measure of the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart each contraction
• How does stroke volume change from rest to exercise?

  Stroke volume increases in a linear fashion with exercise until approximately 40-60% of maximum intensity, then plateaus
• What is the resting stroke volume range?

  60-80 mL/beat
• What is the maximum exercise stroke volume range?

  110-130 mL/beat
• What is cardiac output?

  Cardiac output is the total amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the heart each minute
• How is cardiac output represented mathematically?

  Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume or $Q =$$HR \times SV$
• What happens to cardiac output from rest to exercise?

  Cardiac output increases in a linear fashion with exercise intensity
• What is the resting cardiac output range?

  1. 6 L/min
• What is the maximal cardiac output range?

  20-40 L/min
• How much blood do adult males and females have in their bodies?

  Adult males have 5-6L and adult females have approximately 4-5L of blood
• What are the functions of blood?

  • Transportation of gases, fuels, and minerals
  • Protection against dehydration
  • Maintaining equilibrium via enzyme & hormone regulation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection
  • Bringing waste products to kidneys & liver for filtration
• How does blood transport oxygen and remove metabolic by-products?

  Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the working muscles and cells and removes metabolic by-products such as CO2 from the muscles
• How does blood protect the body?

  Blood moves white blood cells to infection sites and platelets to areas that need blood flow stopped and clotted
• How does blood regulate temperature?

  Blood regulates temperature by moving heat away from working muscles to other areas of the body, including the skin surface
• What are red blood cells responsible for?

  Transporting oxygen to, and carbon dioxide away from, the cells and muscles
• Where are red blood cells produced?

  In red bone marrow
• What do red blood cells contain that is essential for their function?

  Haemoglobin
• What is the lifespan of red blood cells?

  Four months
• What is the function of white blood cells?

  Protecting the body against infectious diseases and foreign invaders
• How do white blood cells fight disease?

  They can pass through capillary walls into body cells to fight disease by absorbing and digesting them
• What is the function of platelets?

  Responsible for clotting in the blood
• What is blood plasma primarily composed of?

  90% water
• What does blood plasma do?

  It carries blood cells around the body, transports nutrients, hormones, and proteins, and helps remove waste products
• What is the composition of blood?

  • Plasma (55%)
  • Blood cells (45%)