4Ds

• • 4Ds > deviance, dysfunction,danger, distress (duration)
• Deviance 

  Behaviour which is rare within society. If behaviour is considered deviant from the norm it could suggest a clinical disorder is present. It may change across time and place as social norms change. It is when behaviour is not statistically normal ans is socially unacceptable behaviour. If behaviour is not within two standard deviations for the population it can be considered statistically abnormal and may be used to diagnose a mental health disorder  
• Deviance 

  Behaviour which is rare within society. If behaviour is considered deviant from the norm it could suggest a clinical disorder is present.
• Dysfunction

  If behaviour is significantly interfering with the persons life a disorder may be present, e.g inability to work or not partaking in activities that an individual would normally do like go out with friends. All aspects of a patients life are discussed to assess the problematic behaviour. May not be obvious so when it is used to diagnose a mental health disorder all aspects of clients life should be assessed.
• Dysfunction

  If behaviour is significantly interfering with the persons life a disorder may be present,
• Distress

  When a behaviour is causing upset to the individual. This can be used to diagnose a mental health disorder if there is no logical reason for the person to be upset. It can be used in isolation to diagnose mental illness as someone could be very upset without experiencing deviance or danger
• Distress

  When a behaviour is causing upset to the individual. This can be used to diagnose a mental health disorder if there is no logical reason for the person to be upset
• Danger

  If a person is putting their own life or others lives at risk
• Duration

  Length of time the symptoms have been present
• a mental disorder is a syndrome characterised by clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition emotional regulation or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological or developmental process 

  (Cognition)
• Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress in social occupation or other important activities. An expectable or culturally approves response to a common stressor or loss such as death of a loved one is not  a mental disorder 

  (Emotional)
• Socially deviant behaviour (e.g political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual as described above h

  (Behaviour)